Silent Killers

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byDr Caroline Gray PhD
The Silent Killers
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Amazing Heart Facts !

• The Human Heart Beats
• 100,000 times in one day.
• 35 million times in a year.
• 2.5 billion times during an average lifetime.

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Amazing Heart Facts!

• Every day the heart expends enough energy to
  drive a truck 20 miles. In a lifetime, this would
  be equivalent to driving to the moon and back.
• The heart pumps about 1 million barrels of blood
  during an average lifetime

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Amazing Heart Facts!

• Your body has about 5.6 L of blood, this 5.6 L of
  blood circulates through the body three times
  every minute.
• In one day, the blood travels a total of 12,000
  miles.

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Amazing Heart Facts!

• Aorta is the largest artery in the body, is
  almost the diameter of a garden hose.
• Capillaries are so small that it takes ten of
  them to equal the thickness of a human hair.

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• Anatomy and Physiology of theCardiovascular
  System

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• Biology of the Heart and Blood Vessels
• Heart is a hollow, muscular pump that is divided
  into 4 chambers
• 2 upper atria collects the blood that enters the
  heart and push it to the ventricles.
• 2 lower ventricles push blood out of the heart
  and into the arteries to go to the rest of the
  body.

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• Function of the Heart
• The heart's primary functions are to supply
  oxygen to the body and to rid the body of waste
  products (CO2).
• Heart collects ?O2-blood from the body and pumps
  it to the lungs, where it picks up O2 and drops
  off CO2.
• Heart then collects the O2-enriched blood from
  the lungs and pumps it to the tissues of the
  entire body.

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• How does Blood Move Through the Heart?
• During each heartbeat, each heart chamber relaxes
  as it fills, a period called relaxation
  (diastole), and then contracts as it pumps blood,
  a period called contraction (systole).
• The two atria relax together and contract
  together, and the two ventricles relax together
  and contract together.

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• How your Heart Works

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The Blood Vessels
Arteries Carry blood away from the heart.
Strong, elastic flexible. ?
Blood pressures, ? diameter. Veins Carry
blood back to the heart Thin-walled, less
elastic. ?Blood pressures, ? diameter.
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What Makes Up Blood?
Plasma 92 H2O vitamins, proteins
hormones. RBC Haemoglobin transports O2.
Platelets Cell fragments, repairs blood vessels
triggers clotting. WBC Body's defence against
infection.
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Did you Know That Heart and circulatory
disease is the UKs biggest killer !
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• Key Facts
• Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of
  death in the UK accounting for nearly 300,000
  deaths a year ? 1 in 2 of all deaths.
• The main forms of CVD are coronary heart disease
  (CHD) and stroke. About half of all deaths from
  CVD are from CHD and about a quarter are from
  stroke.

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• Key Facts
• CVD is also the main cause of premature death
  40 of premature deaths in men and 30 of
  premature deaths in women are from CVD.
• Whereas mortality from CHD is rapidly falling,
  morbidity is not falling and may be rising.

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• What is coronary heart disease?
• Narrowing of coronary arteries by fatty deposits
  on inside wall.
• Reduces flow of blood to the heart and increases
  the chances of a blood clot blocking the artery,
  resulting in a heart attack.

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• How does CHD affect people?
• As the coronary arteries narrow, patients will
  often experience chest pain or tightness, known
  as angina.
• This pain may spread to the left shoulder or arm,
  or to the neck and jaw and occurs at times of
  exercise, stress, or strain, particularly in cold
  weather.

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• What is a Stroke?
• Stroke is a sudden interruption in the blood
  supply
• of the brain
• Abrupt blockage of arteries leading to the brain
  ischaemic stroke.
• Bleeding into brain tissue when a blood vessel
  bursts hemorrhagic stroke.

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• How does Stroke affect people?
• Strokes may cause sudden weakness, loss of
  sensation, or difficulty with speaking, seeing,
  or walking.
• Sometimes people with stroke have a headache, but
  stroke can also be completely painless.

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• Who is at risk of CVD?
• Decades of research have shown factors that
  contribute to the development of heart and
  circulatory problems.
• Many deaths could be prevented because CVD is
  related to certain aspects of lifestyle.
• Although medical treatments for CVD have come a
  long way, controlling these factors remains the
  key to preventing illness and death from CVD.

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• Things you can change
• High blood pressure
• Cholesterol
• Diabetes
• Diet
• Being overweight
• Lack of exercise
• Stress
• Smoking
• Excessive alcohol intake

• Things you cannot change
• Family History
• Gender
• Age
• Race

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• What is Blood Pressure?

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• What is High Blood Pressure?

• High blood pressure, is when the force of the
  blood against the artery walls is too great.
• High blood pressure occurs when blood vessels
  become narrow or rigid, forcing the heart to pump
  harder to push blood through the body.
• When blood pressure remains high, it puts an
  unnecessary strain on the heart and blood
  vessels.

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• What are the Symptoms of High Blood Pressure?
• One of the reasons high blood pressure is so
  dangerous is that it has no symptoms.
• High Blood Pressure Silent Killer !
• People with high blood pressure occasionally
  complain of headaches, nose bleeds and shortness
  of breath. The only way to know if your blood
  pressure is high is to have it checked regularly.

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What's so bad about High Blood Pressure?
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How Can I Reduce My Blood Pressure?

• Eat Healthily (? Sodium intake)
• Maintain Ideal Weight
• Exercise Regularly
• Reduce Stress Levels
• Drug Therapy
• Diuretics
• Beta-blockers
• ACE Inhibitors

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What is Diabetes?

• Diabetes a high level of glucose, or "sugar,"
• in your blood.
• Type 2 or 'non-insulin-dependent diabetes
  mellitus is the most common type of diabetes.
• Accounts for 90- 95 of all diabetes.
• It usually develops after the age of 40.

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What Causes Diabetes?

• In diabetes the pancreas makes insulin, but the
  body is unable to use it efficiently.
• When the insulin does not work efficiently,
  glucose is unable to enter the cells adequately,
  and too much glucose builds up in the blood.
• The result is that the tissues and organs of the
  body cannot function properly and become damaged.
  

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What are the Symptoms of Diabetes?

• Sometimes, people with Type 2 diabetes don't
  notice
• any symptoms.
• Diabetes Silent Killer !
• Or, the symptoms are experienced gradually. They
• include ? blurry vision
• cuts or sores that are slow to heal
• itchy skin, yeast infections
• increased thirst
• dry mouth
• need to urinate often
• leg pain

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What's so bad about Diabetes?

• Diabetics more likely to have high blood pressure
  and high blood cholesterol.
• Diabetes that is not controlled properly can lead
  to the development of kidney disease, blindness,
  nerve and blood vessel damage, and difficulties
  in fighting infection.
• So you can see how important it is to keep your
  diabetes under control.

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How Can I Control My Blood Glucose?

• Appropriate Diet
• Regular Exercise
• Weight Control
• Drug Therapy
• Insulin Replacement Therapy
• Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs

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• What is Cholesterol?
• Cholesterol is a fatty substance (a lipid) that
  is an important part of the outer lining
  (membrane) of cells in the body of animals.
• Cholesterol is also found in the blood
  circulation of humans.
• The cholesterol in a persons blood originates
  from two major sources, dietary intake and liver
  production.

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• What is High Cholesterol?
• Cholesterol, like oil, cannot dissolve in the
  blood unless it is combined with special proteins
  called lipoproteins.
• Cholesterol VLDL LDL
• Cholesterol HDL HDL
• LDL cholesterol is called "bad" cholesterol,
  because elevated LDL cholesterol is associated
  with an increased risk of coronary heart disease.

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• How dose High LDL contribute to heart disease?
• ?LDL cholesterol builds up on the inside of your
  arteries, it forms plaque causing the arteries to
  harden.
• Atherosclerosis, causes the arteries to become
  thicker, harder, less flexible and less efficient
  at transporting blood.

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• When blood flow is drastically impaired (or
  stopped
• completely), a heart attack can result. When
  blood
• flow to the heart is restricted, angina (chest
  pain) can
• result.

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What should my Cholesterol level be?
These are the cholesterol levels recommended by
the National Cholesterol Education Program.
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• What are the Symptoms of High
• Cholesterol?
• You cannot feel cholesterol or the effects it can
  have on your arteries and your heart, until it is
  probably too late!
• High Cholesterol has no symptoms.
• High LDL Silent Killer !
• So you can see how important it is to keep your
  cholesterol level under control.

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• How Can I Reduce My Cholesterol?
• Low-Fat Diet
• Regular Exercise
• Weight Control
• Drug Therapy
• Statins

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• Food For Your Heart
• ? Saturated Fat Intake
• Eat at least 5 portions of Fruit Vegetables
• ? Heart-friendly Antioxidants
• ? Fibre Starch Consumption
• ? Sodium Intake
• ? Refined Sugar Intake

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• Get Active
• Your heart is a muscle, it needs regular exercise
  to
• make it strong and work its best.
• Regular exercise will
• Improve the balance of fats in your blood.
• Strengthen your heart muscles.
• Lower your resting BP levels.
• Use up calories to help weight control.
• Help you to relax and ease stress.

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• Follow A Regular Exercise Program
• To get good results, exercise must be
• Regular At least three times per week
• Aerobic Involve the large muscle groups and be
  repetitive (such as walking, swimming, rowing)
• Safe Ask your doctor what type and amount of
  exercise is right for you, before you begin an
  exercise program

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• Maintain A Desirable Weight
• Carrying excess weight increases your risk of
  heart disease.
• Check healthy weight using the Body Mass Index
  (BMI) calculator.
• BMI Weight (Kg) ? Height (m)
• Acceptable Range 18.5 to 25

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• Maintain A Desirable Weight
• The more you weigh, the harder your heart must
• work to carry and nourish the excess weight. To
  lose
• weight, you need to take in fewer calories than
  you
• use.
• Look at your present eating habits
• Cut down on foods high in cholesterol and
  saturated fats.
• Beware of fad diets.
• Weight management should be permanent and
  gradual.
• If you need assistance in planning or maintaining
  a weight-loss program, talk to your doctor or
  dietician.

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Alleviate Stress

• Stress puts an additional strain on the heart. It
  triggers the release of adrenaline which in turn
  increases both heart rate and blood pressure.
• The key to successfully manage stress levels
• Avoid situations or people which upset you.
• Make time to relax
• Get enough sleep
• Take up a hobby
• Exercise
• Read your Bible
• Pray

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• Smoking Poisoning the Heart
• Accelerates atherosclerosis.
• Provokes thrombosis
• Inhibits thrombolysis
• Reduces exercise capacity
• Smoking is a Heart Breaking Habit,
• Quit Now !

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• Alcohols Effects on the Heart
• Numerous studies suggest that moderate alcohol
  consumption helps protect against heart disease.
• On the other hand, heavy drinking, particularly
  over time, can damage the heart.
• That's why doctors will tell you If you don't
  drink, don't start.

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• Summary
• Risk factors play a significant role in
  identifying your risk of developing CVD.
• Lifestyle modification and drug treatment can
  help control modifiable risk factors.

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• Conclusion
• Dont leave your health of your heart to chance.
• Take responsibility for your health before its
  too late !!