CHAPTER 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY

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CHAPTER 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
PHYSIOLOGY
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• anatomy the branch of science dealing with the
  structure of body parts how they are organized
• physiology the branch of science dealing with
  the function of body parts what they do how
  they do it

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• these two are closely related since structure
  function are so closely related (ex. long finger
  bones enable us to grasp)

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• almost all body parts are used to keep us alive
  (except those used to reproduce) reflect the 5
  requirements for life
• Water metabolism, transport, body temperature
• Food energy, raw materials, regulation of
  chemical reactions
• Oxygen used to release energy from food
• Heat drives metabolic reactions
• Pressure atmospheric pressure / breathing,
  blood pressure

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• the quantities qualities of these 5 factors are
  as important as the factors themselves in
  maintaining homeostasis (a stable internal
  environment)

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• homeostasis is maintained via homeostatic
  mechanisms with 3 components
• receptors provide information
• control center a specific value or set point
  (ex. body temperature 98.6)
• effectors cause responses
• stimulus? receptors? control center/set point?
  effectors? response

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homeostasis
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• a negative feedback loop is an example of a
  homeostatic mechanism
• works like a thermostat
• the result of the response may shut off the
  stimulus, or reduce the action of the effectors

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• most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative
• body temp, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing
  rate, blood levels of glucose, oxygen, carbon
  dioxide, minerals

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• a positive feedback loop enhances the stimulus
  ex. labor / contractions, blood clotting

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• failure of these homeostatic mechanisms often
  cause death
• no spontaneous muscle movements (heart beat,
  breathing muscles)
• no response to stimuli
• no reflexes (knee-jerk, pupils)
• no brain waves (flat EEG)

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• levels of organization

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ORGAN SYSTEM MAJOR PARTS JOB

• integumentary -skin covers waterproofs
• protects deeper tissue
• regulates body temp
• senses pain, pressure
• sweat oil glands

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ORGAN SYSTEM MAJOR PARTS JOB

• skeletal -bones -support
• -cartilage -muscle
  attachment
• -ligaments -protection
• -joints -making blood
• -mineral storage

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ORGAN SYSTEM MAJOR PARTS JOB

• muscular -skeletal muscles movement
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  maintain
  posture
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  produce heat

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ORGAN SYSTEM MAJOR PARTS JOB

• nervous -brain responds to stimuli
• -spinal cord control system
• -nerves activates muscles
• -sensory receptors activates
  glands

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ORGAN SYSTEM MAJOR PARTS JOB

• endocrine -glands secrete hormones
• pituitary, to regulate
• thyroid, reproduction,
• thymus, metabolism,
• adrenal, growth
• pancreas,
• ovaries,
• testes,
• pineal

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ORGAN SYSTEM MAJOR PARTS JOB

• cardiovascular -heart pumps blood
• -blood vessels transports blood

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ORGAN SYSTEM MAJOR PARTS JOB

• lymphatic -lymph nodes collects fluid
• -lymphatic vessels leaked from
  blood -spleen returns it to
  bvs -tonsils
  houses WBCs
• cleanse blood

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• This man has a condition known as elephantiasis.
  He has been infected with filaria worms which
  block the lymph ducts. This prevents fluids from
  being transported back into the bloodstream.

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ORGAN SYSTEM MAJOR PARTS JOB

• respiratory - nasal passages - pharynx
  supplies - larynx oxygen
• - trachea removes - bronchial tubes
  CO2
• - lungs

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ORGAN SYSTEM MAJOR PARTS JOB

• digestive -mouth breaks down -oral
  cavity food
• delivers food -esophagus products
  to blood
• -stomach makes feces
• -small intestine reclaims water
• -large intestine
• -rectum
• -anus

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ORGAN SYSTEM MAJOR PARTS JOB

• urinary/excretory -kidney removes N
  waste -ureter regulates water -bla
  dder salt balance
• -urethra regulates acid-base
  balance of blood balances
  electrolytes

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ORGAN SYSTEM MAJOR PARTS JOB

• reproductive -seminal make male
  vesicles sperm
• -testes make hormones
• -scrotum deposit sperm
• - prostate gland
• - vas deferens

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ORGAN SYSTEM MAJOR PARTS JOB

• reproductive -ovaries make eggs
• female -oviducts site of
  fertilization
• -uterus fetal development
• -vagina make hormones
• -mammary make milk
• glands

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ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY?

• anatomical position standing erect,
• feet together, arms hanging down,
• palms facing forward
• relative positions describe the location of one
  body part with respect to another

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ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY?

• superior above, closer to the head
• inferior below, closer to the feet

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ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY?

• anterior front
• posterior rear

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ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY?

• medial closer to the midline
• lateral away from the midline

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ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY?

• distal farther from a point of attachment
• proximal closer to a point of attachment

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ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY?

• superficial closer to the surface
• deep more internal

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body sections cutting the body along various
planes

• sagittal divides the body into left right
• midsagittal cutting along the midline

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body sections cutting the body along various
planes

• transverse divides the body into superior
  inferior

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body sections cutting the body along various
planes

• frontal divides the body into anterior
  posterior

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body cavities internal cavities that protect
the organs within them

• dorsal body cavity
• cranial holds the brain
• spinal holds the spinal cord

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body cavities internal cavities that protect
the organs within them

• ventral body cavity
• thoracic cavity holds the heart lungs,
  separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by the
  diaphragm
• abdominopelvic cavity holds the liver,
  digestive organs, reproductive organs, bladder,
  rectum
• may be divided into abdominal pelvic

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• when dissecting, body parts may be cut in a)
  cross section, b) oblique section,
• c) longitudinal section

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