Biology Objective 3

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Biology Objective 3

• Demonstrate an understanding of the
  interdependence of organisms and the environment.
  

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Biomes Identified by biotic and abiotic factors

• Biotic what kinds of plants and animals live in
  it.
• Abiotic Nonliving characteristics such as soil
  type, rainfall amounts, and average temperature
  cycles.

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A scientist has hypothesized that theexistence
of life on Mars is likely becauseMarss
atmosphere is 95 carbon dioxide.

• 36 Which question is valid in testing this
  hypothesis?
• F Do most other scientists agree with the
  hypothesis?
• G Could abiotic processes account for the carbon
  dioxide?
• H What is the percent of argon compared to carbon
  dioxide in the Martian atmosphere?
• J Have the scientists other predictions about
  Mars been validated?

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36 Which question is valid in testing this
hypothesis?
When testing an hypothesis, there should be only
one variable changed at a time. If this is not
possible, then all possible reasons for an
outcome need to be considered. In this case,
carbon dioxide can be produced by chemical
reactions other than cellular respiration, which
is a biotic process. That is why answer G is the
best answer.
F Do most other scientists agree with the
hypothesis? G Could abiotic processes account for
the carbon dioxide? H What is the percent of
argon compared to carbon dioxide in the Martian
atmosphere? J Have the scientists other
predictions about Mars been validated?
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Name the Biome
Temperate Forest
Desert
Tundra
Grasslands
Tropical Rainforest
Tiaga
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What are they referring to?

• Biosphere The entire area of the planet that
  supports life.
• Biome An area defined by specific abiotic and
  biotic factors.
• Community The groups of living things in an
  area and how they relate.

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Ecology The study of the relationships among
living things

• Symbiosis is a close relationship between two
  living things.
• When both are helped it is called mutualism
• When one is helped and there is no effect on the
  other it is called commensulism
• When one is helped and the other is harmed it is
  called parasitism

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Mutualism . . .

• Sharks are cleaned by a little fish known as a
  Remora. The shark never eats them since they
  clean bacteria off of the shark. Since both
  species are helped, this is mutualism.

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Commensulism . . .

• Orchids live high in tree-tops on the branches of
  large trees. They do not harm the tree, but they
  are helped by being raised up into the sunshine
  and receiving water.

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Parasites . . .

• Parasites harm or kill the host. A good example
  is a tape worm. It intercepts all of the hosts
  food, causing the host to starve to death.

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• 35 Clown fish are small reef fish that seek
  protection from predators by sheltering
  themselves among the stinging tentacles of sea
  anemones. Clown fish are very territorial and can
  potentially scare off predators of sea anemones.
  This relationship is an example of --
• A neutralism
• B mutualism
• C parasitism
• D commensalism

This is not a type of symbiosis Incorrect
Since both are helped, it is of mutual benefit or
Neither is harmed so this is incorrect
Means only one is being helped and the
relationship has no effect on the other also
incorrect
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What is helped? Both the ants and the tree.
This is the definition of
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All energy on the earth comes from the sun.
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18 Energy used by producers in a grassland food
web is provided by-
Used by producers
This is a process, not an energy source. H and J
are elements which are types of matter, not
energy. So our answer should be F

• F sunlight
• G photosynthesis
• H oxygen
• J carbon dioxide

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Energy Diagrams

• At one end of the diagram are plants. They are
  called producers since they are capable of
  turning sunlight into food by photosynthesis.
  They pass 10 of the energy they absorb to
  animals that eat them.

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Consumers

• 1st Order Consumers eat only plants and are also
  called herbivores.
• 2nd Order Consumers eat only animals and are
  called carnivores.
• 3rd Order Consumers animals that eat other
  animals, they are also known as carnivores

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39 Wolves and hawks are at the same trophic level
because they A both live on land B are both
large mammals C both eat primary consumers D have
similar hunting patterns
Trophic level Means 1st , 2nd or 3rd Order
Consumer
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10 Energy Rule Only 10 of the energy moves up
to the next trophic level.
Decomposers
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If we apply the 10 rule, 10 of the 1000 kcal of
the plant is consumed or 100 kcal, and 10 of
that is 10 kcal which is 1 of the original
1000kcal, but only 3 kcal is available to the
tissues so it is A.
43 Approximately how much of the energy available
in the tissues of the producer is eventually
incorporated into the tissues of a secondary
consumer? A Less than 1 B Between 20 and
30 C Approximately 50 D More than 50
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Food Chain One of many feeding relationships in
a community

• Arrows in a food chain show the direction of
  energy flow.
• This is not the only feeding relationship for
  these organisms.
• When several or all of the food relationships are
  shown its a . . .

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Food Web
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Food Webs

• Food webs attempt to show all the feeding
  relationships in a community.
• The direction of the arrows shows the direction
  of energy flow.
• At the bottom of every web and every chain is a
  plant. These are the only things that can turn
  sunshine into food.

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• 37 Which of these groups of organisms would most
  likely have accumulated the largest concentration
  of a long-lasting chemical pollutant in their
  bodies?
• A Phytoplankton
• B Zooplankton
• C Lake trout
• D Gulls

Since the Gulls are at the top of the food web,
they would have the highest accumulation of
everything but energy.
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Predator and Prey

• Prey are the animals that are eaten as a food
  source for the . . .
• Predator This is the hunter animal. The
  population of the predator must be less than the
  prey or they do not have enough food.

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To increase the predator population you could do
what?

• 24 Which of the following is most likely to cause
  increases in a predator population?
• F Fewer prey
• G A reduction in competition
• H More parasites
• J A period of drought

Reduces available food Nope!
Less predators, they would be sick or dying!
Less predators and prey, theyd be gone looking
for water!
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Carrying Capacity

• This is the maximum number of a specific
  population that an area can support with enough
  food and living requirements. It is shown by a
  line on population graphs for a specific species.
  

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2 Because of this animals adaptations, it would
be most successful at

• F competing with birds
• G making its own food
• H hiding from predators
• J running very rapidly

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And the answer is?

• H hiding from predators.
• Its not a plant, so it cant make food.
• It has no wings, so it can not compete with
  birds.
• Although it has long legs, it doesnt seem
  balanced for running.

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Water Cycle

• Precipitation (rain and snow) fall on plants and
  ground.
• Plants respire and evaporate water back into
  clouds.
• The ground filters the water run-off into the
  lakes where it evaporates again.

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• 21 The diagram shows physical changes that
• occur in the water cycle. Which of these shows
• condensation?
• A Q
• B R
• C S
• D T

Precipitation
Run Off of ground water
Evaporation
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Carbon Cycle

• Glucose C6H12O6 is produced by plants, eaten by
  animals.
• Photosynthesis
• Animals and plants exhale CO2 which is taken in
  by plants to make glucose
• Cellular Respiration

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Nitrogen Cycle
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Nitrogen Cycle

• Lightening and bacteria in the ground fix
  Nitrogen into a form usable by plants.
• It is absorbed by plants, through their roots as
  nitrates, so they can be used to build amino
  acids essential for building proteins, enzymes
  and the nitrogen bases of DNA.

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Rock Cycle
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Mans Effects on the Environment

• Ozone O3 is a protective layer at the top of the
  atmosphere.
• However, when it occurs near the ground, it is
  very harmful to all living things, it is SMOG

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Mans Effects on the Environment

• More than 90 of fresh water is locked in ice at
  the polar caps and in glaciers.
• Much of the fresh water is polluted by land
  run-off, dumping of wastes and excess heat
  directly into lakes, oceans and rivers.

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Mans Effects on the Environment

• Global warming, also called the Greenhouse
  Effect is caused by excess burning of fossil
  fuels and destruction of our oxygen producing
  protista in the oceans, and deforestation on
  land. Less plants means less oxygen and more
  CO2.

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54 Which of these activities can help conserve
natural resources?
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
What is the phrase for ecology?

• F Recycling cardboard boxes
• G Washing small loads of laundry
• H Driving large cars
• J Building wooden fences

Yes! Recycle! Not saving water! Wasting fuel!
Cutting down trees that give oxygen and clean
air!
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Evolution The process of change over time.

• There are natural variations in all populations.
• As climate changes occur, and as pressures in
  terms of food, space, shelter and predation
  occur, some variations allow a species to
  survive.
• The members who survive, reproduce causing the
  change to become a characteristic of the species.
  

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Speciation Separation into new species.

• Geographic isolation can cause two different
  natural variations to become prominent causing 2
  separate species.
• Reproductive isolation can have the same effect.

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What is extinction and what causes it?

• A population is extinct when the last of that
  species is dead.
• Example There are no more dinosaurs.
• What happened? Their habitat was destroyed.
  When they no longer have what they need to live,
  they die.

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Fossils

• These are imprints or remains of living things.
• In undisturbed layers of sedimentary rock, the
  deeper it is, the older it is.
• Give us information about extinct species.

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Homologous vs. Analogous Structures

• Homologous means they have the same origin, but
  may be different now.
• Example, the upper arm bones in dogs, cows, cats
  and monkeys.

• Analogous means they have the same function but
  come from different origins.
• Example, bird wings and wings of bats.

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Viruses

• Viruses are not alive because they can not
  reproduce on their own, and
• They do not grow and develop and
• They do not exchange with their environment

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Viral Illnesses

• Measles, mumps, colds, influenza, Cold Sores,
  mononucleosis, Epstein-Barr virus are all
  illnesses that are caused by a virus.
• A Virus is has a coat, a strand inside of DNA or
  RNA, and some type of attachment appendage.

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Bacteria

• Bacteria can cause illnesses too, however 90 of
  all bacteria is helpful, NOT harmful.
• Without bacteria, you would not be able to make
  or eat cheese or ice cream. Without them, you
  would be ill most of the time.
• Strep Throat and Staph infections are examples of
  bacterial infections.

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Tomorrow, Chemistry Review