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Chapter3

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Apes include gibbons, siamangs, orangutans, gorillas, bonobos, and chimpanzees. ... Gorillas - either males or females may transfer. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Chapter3


1
Chapter3
  • Living Primates

2
Chapter Outline
  • What Is the Place of Humanity Among the Other
    Animals?
  • What Are the Implications of the Shared
    Characteristics Between Humans and the Other
    Primates?
  • Why Do Anthropologists Study the Social Behavior
    of Monkeys and Apes?

3
The Primate Order
  • One of several mammalian orders, such as rodents,
    carnivores and ungulates.
  • Two suborders
  • Strepsirhini
  • Haplorhine

4
Primate Characteristics
  • Brain is large, heavy in proportion to body
    weight, and very complex
  • Depth perception
  • Intensified sense of touch
  • Binocular stereoscopic vision

5
Primate Characteristics
  • Generalized set of teeth, suited to insect eating
    but also fruits and leaves.
  • Skeleton has adaptations for upright posture and
    flexibility of limb movement.
  • Fewer offspring born to each female and a longer
    period of infant dependency.

6
Apes and Humans
  • Apes are humans closest relatives.
  • Apes include gibbons, siamangs, orangutans,
    gorillas, bonobos, and chimpanzees.
  • Genetic structure and biochemistry reveal that
    bonobos, chimpanzees, and gorillas are closer to
    humans than to orangutans, gibbons, and siamangs.

7
Evolutionary Relationships
  • Humans, bonobos, and chimpanzees are between 98
    and 99 identical.
  • Bonobos and chimps have an extra pair of
    chromosomes. Of the other pairs, 18 are virtually
    identical.
  • Fewer differences than gibbons and siamangs
    which, in captivity, have produced live hybrid.

8
Primate Social Life
  • Most species live and travel in groups.
  • Bonobos and chimpanzees - females transfer
    between groups. Sons remain with their mother for
    life.
  • Gorillas - either males or females may transfer.
  • In all three species, males and females are
    organized into dominance hierarchies.

9
Primate Social Life
  • Grooming is a sign of closeness between
    individuals.
  • Elaborate systems of communication based on
    vocalizations and gestures.
  • Move about within home ranges, rather than
    defended territories.

10
Diet
  • Made up of a variety of fruits, leaves, and
    insects.
  • Bonobos and chimpanzees sometimes hunt, kill, and
    eat animals.
  • Among chimps, most hunting is done by males and
    may require considerable teamwork.
  • Once a kill is made, the meat is generally shared
    with other animals.

11
Learned Behavior
  • From adults, juveniles learn to use a variety of
    tools and substances.
  • Innovations made by one individual may be adopted
    by others, standardized, and passed on to
    succeeding generations.
  • Practices are learned, socially shared, and often
    differ from one group to another.
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