Human Anatomy and Physiology

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Chapter 4

• Human Anatomy and Physiology

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Objectives

• Identify and locate topographic terms on the
  body.
• Describe anatomy and functions of the major body
  systems.

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The Planes of the Body

• Anterior
• Posterior
• Midaxillary
• Midline
• Midclavicular line

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Directional Terms

• Right and left
• Superior and inferior
• Lateral and medial
• Proximal and distal
• Superficial and deep
• Ventral and dorsal
• Palmar and plantar
• Apices and bilateral

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Anatomic Positions

• Prone
• Supine
• Trendelenburgs position
• Fowlers position

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The Skeletal System

• Gives form to the body
• Protects vital organs
• Consists of 206 bones
• Acts as a framework for attachment of muscles
• Designed to permit motion of the body

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The Skull
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The Neck
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The Spinal Column
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The Thorax
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The Abdomen (1 of 2)

• The abdomen is the second major body cavity.
• It contains the major organs of digestion and
  excretion.

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The Abdomen (2 of 2)
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The Pelvis
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The Lower Extremity

• Hip
• Thigh
• Knee
• Leg
• Ankle
• Foot

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The Upper Extremity

• Shoulder girdle
• Arm
• Elbow
• Forearm
• Wrist
• Hand

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Joints
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Functions of the Musculoskeletal System

• Gives the body shape
• Protects internal organs
• Provides for movement
• Consists of more than 600 muscles

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Types of Muscle (1 of 2)

• Skeletal (voluntary) muscle
• Attached to the bones of the body
• Smooth (involuntary) muscle
• Carry out the automatic muscular functions of the
  body

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Types of Muscle (2 of 2)

• Cardiac muscle
• Involuntary muscle
• Has own blood supply and electrical system
• Can tolerate interruptions of blood supply for
  only very short periods

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The Respiratory System
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Diaphragm

• Has characteristics of both voluntary and
  involuntary muscles
• Dome-shaped muscle
• Divides thorax from abdomen
• Contracts during inhalation
• Relaxes during exhalation

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Breathing Process Inhalation

• Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract,
  increasing the size of the thoracic cavity.
• Pressure in the lungs decreases.
• Air travels to the lungs.

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Breathing Process Exhalation

• Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax.
• As the muscles relax, all dimensions of the
  thorax decrease.
• Pressure in the lungs increases.
• Air flows out of the lungs.

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Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

• Oxygen-rich air is delivered to alveoli with
  inspiration.
• Oxygen diffuses into the blood.
• The body does not use all the inhaled oxygen.

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Control of Breathing

• Brain stem controls breathing.
• Increases breathing rate if the carbon dioxide
  level in blood becomes too high
• Hypoxic drive is a backup system.
• Activates when oxygen levels fall to stimulate
  breathing

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Normal Breathing Characteristics

• Normal rate and depth
• Regular rhythm
• Good breath sounds in both lungs
• Regular rise and fall movements in the chest
• Easy, not labored

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Normal Breathing Rates
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Recognizing Inadequate Breathing

• Pale or blue skin
• Cool, clammy skin
• Faster respiratory rate

• Irregular rhythm
• Labored breathing
• Muscle retractions

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Infant and Child Anatomy

• Structures less rigid
• Airway smaller
• Tongue proportionally larger
• Dependent on diaphragm for breathing

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The Circulatory System
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The Heart
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Blood Flow Through the Heart
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Electrical Conduction System

• SA node
• AV node
• Purkinje fibers

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Normal Heart Rates
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Major Arteries and Veins

• Aorta
• Pulmonary
• Carotid
• Femoral

• Brachial
• Radial
• Superior vena cava
• Inferior vena cava

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Components of Blood

• Plasma
• Red blood cells
• White blood cells
• Platelets

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Physiology of the Circulatory System (1 of 2)

• Pulse
• The wave of blood through the arteries formed
  when the left ventricle contracts
• Can be felt where an artery passes over a bone
  near the skin surface

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Physiology of the Circulatory System (2 of 2)

• Blood pressure
• Amount of force exerted against walls of arteries
• Systole Left ventricle contracts
• Diastole Left ventricle relaxes
• Perfusion
• Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue
• If inadequate, the patient goes into shock.

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The Nervous System

• The nervous system controls the bodys voluntary
  and involuntary actions.
• Somatic nervous system
• Regulates voluntary actions
• Autonomic nervous system
• Controls involuntary body functions

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Central Nervous System (1 of 2)
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Central Nervous System (2 of 2)
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Peripheral Nervous System

• Links the organs of the body to the central
  nervous system.
• Sensory nerves carry information from the body to
  the central nervous system.
• Motor nerves carry information from the central
  nervous system to the muscles of the body.

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The Skin (1 of 2)

• Protects the body from the environment
• Regulates body temperature
• Transmits information from environment to the
  brain

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The Skin (2 of 2)
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Endocrine System

• Complex message and control system
• Made up of 7 glands
• Glands produce and release hormones.

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Endocrine Glands

• Adrenal
• Ovary
• Pancreas
• Parathyroid

• Pituitary
• Testes
• Thyroid

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Digestive System

• Liver
• Bile ducts
• Small intestine
• Large intestine
• Appendix
• Rectum

• Mouth
• Salivary glands
• Oropharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Pancreas

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Urinary System
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Male Reproductive System
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Female Reproductive System