Civilizations in Crises: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartland,

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Civilizations in Crises The Ottoman Empire, the
Islamic Heartland, Qing China

• Chapter 26

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Map Exercise 26.1Ottoman Empire, Late 18th
Century (page 625)

• 1. What 3 continents does the empire straddle?
• 2. What modern states were once ruled by the
  Ottomans?
• 3. Drawing conclusions
• a. What different ethnic groups does the empire
  rule?
• b. How might different ethnic groups weaken
  Ottoman rule?
• c. What European states would be the greatest
  threat to the empire?

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Photo Essay

• 1. In photograph 26.1 on page 627, how did the
  Europeans view the Ottomans?
• 2. In photography 26.2 on page 628, how had the
  Young Turks changed?

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Map 26.2China During the Qing Dynasty(page 635)

• 1. What is a treaty port?
• 2. What powers had treaty ports in China?
• 3. What ports did each European power rule?
• 4. Which states likely had territorial designs on
  China? Support your answer.

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Ottoman retreat
empire in decline 18th century
European rivals take advantage of weakness
Austrians Russians Greeks Serbians win
independence (Christians)
Ottomans survive why?
balance of power
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(No Transcript)
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internal reform
Mahmud II - professional army (destroy
janissaries)
Tanzimat reforms Western model
open empire to Europe - threaten some groups
strengthen state threaten dynasty
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Sultan Abdul Hamid despotic absolutism
Young Turks continue Western style reforms
empire survives (weakly) until WWI
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Arab Islamic Heartlands
desire to drive back Europeans
loss of Islamic territory brought crises to
Middle East
Egypt
Napoleon defeats Ottoman's in Egypt
Muhammad Ali Egypts ruler 1811
military reforms powerful army navy modernize
economy
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ally with landlords resist economic reforms
Egypt exposed to European threats
ayan rural landlords profit - peasants poor
1 crop dependency
become dependent on European credit
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Suez Canal - 1869
Muslim scholars traditional vs Western science
technology
Islamic history rational inquiry contest that a
single source of truth found in Quran
1882 British intervene - direct Egyptian
government
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Jihad Mahdist revolt in Sudan
Egyptians try to rule
Mahdi win control of Sudan - return Islam to
original purity
build strong state, Islamic law
British end in 1896
Islam suffers in 1800s
Europeans consistently advance threaten Islam
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Last Chinese Dynasty - Qing
Manchurians
adopt Chinese ways
Chinese scholar-gentry enter Manchu service
1644 Manchu's take Beijing
retain political system examination system
continues
Chinese Manchu's paired at highest posts
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maintain social system of Ming
rank hierarchy
extended family
women subservient - lives revolve around
household - sons preferred
alleviate rural distress - decrease taxes -
repair roads irrigation systems - limit land
held by elite
commercial urban expansion
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influx of silver (payment for exports) - good
balance of trade
compradors (merchants) link between China
outside world
Decline - late 1700s
exam system - cheating
government jobs way to gain influence money
Yellow River floods peasants migrate south
population increase stresses social economic
systems
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confrontation with Europeans over opium trade
British use to trade instead of silver
opium addiction rampant
1830s Chinese blockade trade
European military intervention - Opium Wars 1839
1850s
settlements include Hong Kong to British - ports
open to European trade - long term leases -
British manage Chinas foreign trade
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Taiping Rebellion
European incursions into Southern China
Taiping offer social reform, land redistribution,
liberation of women - attack traditional Chinese
elite - defeated with help of Europeans
self-strengthening movement - modernize
Manchus losing control over provinces
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Boxer Rebellion
Empress CiXi crushes the reform movement
Secret societies
resistance to Qing training ground for
revolutionaries
create a government modeled on the west - sons
of scholar gentry compradors - Sun Yat Sen
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civil service exams end 1905
end of use of Confucian values as base to govern
society
1912 Emperor Pu-Yi stands down - Republic of
China formed
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What was the nature of the 18th century crisis in
the Ottoman Empire and why was it not fatal?

• weak rulers
• power struggles between government officials,
  religious experts Janissaries
• provincial officials side with land-owners, keep
  taxes from Sultan
• artisans losing out to imported goods
• dont have advanced weaponry the West does
• European countries start to take away parts of
  empire
• survived because Europe wants to keep the balance
  of power British help Ottomans to keep Russians
  from Istanbul and control of the Mediterranean Sea

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What reforms were introduced in the Ottoman
Empire between the reign of Mahmud II and 1876?

• Western style reforms - Tanzimat
• established diplomatic corps exchanged
  ambassadors
• westernization of military
• officers education
• university education re-organized
• state-run postal telegraph systems
• railways introduced
• newspapers established
• legal reforms
• constitution written

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What led to the overthrow of the Ottoman
Sultanate in 1908?

• Sultan Abdul Hamid was autocratic ruler who
  stopped many reforms
• nullified constitution
• restricted civil liberties
• deprived elite of power
• bloodless coup in 1908
• Young Turks wanted to restore constitution and
  start reforms again
• military was successful in the overthrowing of
  the Sultan

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How did Muhammad Ali come to power?

• Napoleon French invade and defeat Mamluks
• Ali comes to power in chaos after British chase
  French out
• builds an up-to-date military
• conscription for peasants
• French officers to train them
• Western tactics organization of suplies

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How did the British gain control of Egypt?

• Egypt indebted to European countries
• strategic importance of Suez canal
• want Egypt to be accessible stable
• riots caused the Khedive to ask the British for
  help
• British crush rebellion secure the position of
  the khedive
• Egypt not formally colonized but British dominate
  by British consuls ruling through puppet khedives
• British officials control finances foreign
  affairs
• British troops ensure control

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What reforms did the Manchu's introduce and how
successful were they?

• reduced tax exemptions for officials
• pair Manchu Chinese administrators in top
  positions
• taxes state labor demands lowered for rural
  areas
• tax-free incentives to re-settle abandoned land
• repair dikes, canals, roads, extend irrigation
• try to strengthen tenant classes
• little success

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What problems did the Manchu Dynasty encounter
during the 19th century?

• exam system become corrupt
• diversion of revenue from state projects to
  individual families
• reduction in spending on public works military
• flooding of the Yellow River
• British opium trade
• loss of revenue because of opium trade
• Taiping rebellion

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How did Europeans gain entry into China?

• British started opium trade so they wouldnt have
  to use silver to buy Chinese luxury goods
• Chinese wanted to stop trade
• Opium Wars
• British win leads to spheres of influence and
  opening of Chinese ports to foreign countries
• foreign governments get control of ports land
  surrounding them Hong Kong

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What led to the overthrow of the Manchu Dynasty?

• Taiping Rebellion
• European incursion in to Southern China
• Sino-Japanese war
• Boxer Rebellion
• resisting reforms
• secret societies rebel against Qing
• sons of scholar-gentry have European educations,
  want to build new country patterned on West not
  another dynasty
• middle class revolutionaries opposition to
  governments reliance on West for funds
• too much Western influence in China

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Discuss the differing Islamic Chinese responses
to the challenge of the West explain which
society was best able to retain aspects of its
traditional civilization.

• ISLAM
• in conflict with west since its beginnings
• incorporated Western technology
• shared Judeo-Christian background
• not united in one state
• not as vulnerable to a single defeat
• fall back on religious centrality if defeated
• able to retain traditional Muslim culture while
  adapting to Western military technological
  advances

• CHINA
• recent conflicts with West
• didnt incorporate much Western technology
• culture isolated from Western thought
• vulnerable to defeat because a single country
• had to fall back on Qing dynasty as summation of
  their civilization
• Western incursion fatal to traditional
  civilization

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Compare contrast the incursion of the European
nations into the Islamic heartland China with
their entry into Africa.

• pretty similar
• Europeans operate from ports under indigenous
  control for trade with the interior
• trade socially unacceptable commodities (slaves,
  opium)
• later more traditional products prevail
• Africans lose territory, Chinese had spheres of
  influence
• British intervention in Egypt similar to other
  places in Africa indigenous officials retained
  Western reforms introduced
• Western educated leaders led the path to
  independence