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Shiite Islam The Partisans of the Ahl alBayt

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Political Conscience: Kerbela Passion in 680. Early Extremists ... Taziya: majlis, flagellation, passion plays (10:00 and 50:00) Ismaili/Sevener Shiism ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Shiite Islam The Partisans of the Ahl alBayt


1
Shiite Islam The Partisans of the Ahl al-Bayt
2
Important Family of the Prophet
Prophet
Fatema
Ali
Hanafi woman
Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya
Hasan (2)
Husayn (3)
Ali Zayn al-Abidin (4)
Muhammad al-Baqir (5) Jafar al-Sadiq (6) Musa
al-Kazim (7) Ali al-Rida (8) Muhammad al-Taqi
(9) Ali al-Naqi (10) Hasan Askari (11) Muhammad
al-Mahdi (12)
Zayd b. Ali
Zaydi / Fivers
Ismail ?
Ismaili / Sevener Shiites
back
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5
Early Shiism Moderates vs. Extremists
  • Moderates
  • From 632 about 765 Shiite means
  • Belief that Ali was the best and most
    knowledgeable of the Companions
  • Or that he have been the first caliph (but not
    necessarily that the first three were
    illegitimate).
  • That in general the family of the Prophet had a
    prominent role in leadership of the umma ?
    revolt!
  • Political Conscience Kerbela Passion in 680

6
Early Extremists
  • Mukhtar b. Abi Ubayd and the Kaysaniyya
  • During the first civil war Mukhtar leads of group
    of Kufans, mostly non-Arab mawali, to support
    Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya (Alis son by a second
    wife, not Fatema), whom they believed was the
    mahdi (messianic figure)
  • Rebellion starts in 685 CE, and it is crushed
    (and Mukhtar killed) in 687 by Ibn al-Zubayr
  • When Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya died in 701, the
    remaining Kaysaniyya believed that he had merely
    gone into occultation and would return as the
    Mahdi

7
Legacy of the Extremists
  • Notion of living figure from the family of the
    Prophet as Mahdi
  • Notion that an imam disappears, not dead but also
    not with us fully in this world, to reappear at
    some undetermined time as the Mahdi
  • ? Reoccurring themes in Shiite and even Sunni
    Islam

8
Political Failure Doctrinal Formation
  • Rebellion of Zayd b. Ali 740 CE vs. Umayyads
    fails (ata and campaigns)
  • Shiite Hopes for the Abbasid Revolution 750 CE
    crushed.
  • Muhammad the Pure Soul rebels in 762
  • Fakhkh Massacre in 786
  • ?
  • Most of the Kaysaniyya and Rebellious Alids join
    as followers of the 6th Imam Jafar al-Sadiq (d.
    765) in Medina

9
The Formation of Doctrinal Twelver or Imami Shiism
  • 874 or 878, 11th Imam dies with no known heir
    almost
  • Prominent Shiites close to the family say he had
    a son who was hidden away by the Abbasids in
    Samarra But, fed up with the world, he went
    into a cave and disappeared, to return as the
    Mahdi and fill the world with justice as it was
    full of injustice
  • Until 941, a series of 4 Ambassadors
    communicate with the 12th imam.

10
Twelver/Imami Shiism
  • By 950 CE Imami Shiite doctrine had formed
  • Pending the imams return, the Shiite ulama are
    responsible for guiding the religious lives of
    his followers collect tithes etc.
  • The sources for law and doctrine are
  • The Quran as interpreted by the imams
  • The Sunna of the Prophet (as understood by
    Shiites
  • The Sunna of the Imams infallible
  • In the absence of evidence from these sources,
    ulama can use analogical reasoning

11
Usuli vs. Akhbari Schools of 12er Shiism
Interpretation
Sunna of Prophet and Imams
Principles applied in reasoning
Texts to be followed literally
Quran
  • Usuli School
  • Quran
  • Well-Established Sunna (Prophet and imams)
  • Analogical Reasoning
  • Akhbari School
  • Quran
  • Sunna (of Prophet and imams) total reliance on
    the Shiite hadith collections

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13
Shiite Rituals
  • Ashura first ten days of Muharram the period of
    the massacre at Karbala
  • Taziya majlis, flagellation, passion plays
    (1000 and 5000)

14
Ismaili/Sevener Shiism
  • Originally those who believed that the 6th imams
    son, Ismail, his chosen successor who died before
    his father, was in occultation and would return
    as the Mahdi.
  • They set up armed camps for their followers in
    Syria, Southern Iraq and Algeria. All swore
    allegiance to the awaited imam.
  • Prophets only gave the external part of the
    religion - each one had an Inheritor who told
    the inner meaning of the faith (Jesus was
    Peter). Then each was followed by 7 imams.
    Ismail went into occultation and will return to
    remove the Shariah so that mankind can follow the
    original religion of Adam pure worship of the
    Creator.

15
Major Development Rise of the Fatimids
  • In 899 CE the head of the movement in Syria
    declared he was the Mahdi he was only accepted
    by the Algerian Ismailis ? he flees there and in
    909 they declare a caliphal/mahdi state. In 969
    they take Egypt and found the city of Cairo.
  • But the apocalyptic endtime state (with no
    Shariah!) is postponed indefinitely
  • His family rules Egypt, Syria the Hejaz until
    1171 as the Fatimid Caliphate The State of
    Truth (Dawlat al-Haqq)

16
The Nizarli Ismaili Assassins
  • In 1094 there is dispute over who should be the
    next imam/caliph The Fatimids choose one, but
    the Ismailis in Syria and Iran believe another
    one should rule.
  • These Ismailis take control of mountain castles
    in Syria and Iran and battle their Sunni enemies
    by assassinating rulers (and also Crusaders!)

17
Modern Ismailis
  • Dawud Bhoras generally Indian, followers of
    Fatimid imams who moved to Yemen, practice close
    to 12er Shiism
  • Agha Khanid/Khojas
  • Persian Shah recognizes an imam from the city of
    Kirman, he flees to Bombay in 1845 after an
    attempted rebellion.
  • The Indian Khojas were formed when the Hindu
    trader caste of Lohanas converted en masse to
    Ismailism.
  • Almost no link to the medieval tradition and
    doctrine of Ismailism. They rely on Indian
    legends, Tantric ideas, such as the idea that the
    imam is the reincarnation of Vishnu.
  • Prayers have little connection with Muslim
    prayer.
  • The High Court of Bombays British judge
    recognized the Agha Khans claim to dispose of
    his communitys assets in 1866.
  • There are about 20 million Khojas.

18
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