8th Grade Review

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8th Grade Review

• Mr. Simmons
• Mr. Fuller

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Functions of Music

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Functions of Music

• Recreational
• Ceremonial
• Artistic Expression

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Recreational

• Music written for the reason of personal
  enjoyment
• This is music you listen to have fun.

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Ceremonial

• This is music written for a purpose. Some times
  it has religious meanings. You may hear
  Ceremonial music
• In Church
• At an Indian Pow Wow
• At a West African Tribal Council (Survivor)

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Artistic Expression

• Music written for an audience. Some times you
  have to pay to see the performance.
• Examples
• MSU Jazz Concerts
• MSU Concert Band
• RCMS Concert Band

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Music Elements

• Dynamics

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Dynamics

• Crescendo
• Decrescendo
• Fortissimo
• Pianissimo

• Mezzo
• Forte
• Piano

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Crescendo

• Increasing Loudness
• Gradual Increase in Volume

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Decrescendo

• Reducing Loudness
• Gradual Decrease in Volume

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Fortissimo

• FF
• Extremely Loud
• Very Loud
• Louder than Forte

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Pianissimo

• PP
• Very Soft

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Mezzo

• M
• Medium
• Can be added to any dynamic marking to get a
  medium sound
• mp mezzo piano, medium soft
• mf mezzo forte, medium loud

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Forte

• F
• Loud or Strong

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Piano

• P
• Soft

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Music Elements

• Form

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Form

• Rondo
• Theme and Variations
• 1st and 2nd Endings
• D.C. Da Capo

• D.S. Dal Segno
• Al Fine
• Coda
• Coda Sign

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Rondo

• Alternates an original with new and changed
  section
• An instrumental piece in which the leading theme
  is repeated, alternately with others

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Theme and Variations

• A compositional form where an initial theme is
  stated and each section changes the theme in a
  different way

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1st and 2nd Endings

• Start at the beginning and play to the end of the
  first ending and then go back to the beginning.
  Play until the beginning of the first ending and
  skip to the 2nd ending..

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Da Capo

• From the Beginning

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Dal Segno

• Repeat from the sign

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Segno Sign
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Al Fine

• To the finish

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Coda

• A few measure or a section added to the end of a
  piece of music to make a more effective ending

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Coda Sign
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Music Elements

• Harmony

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Harmony

• Harmonic Progression
• Triads
• Scales

• Major
• WWHWWWH
• Minor

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Harmonic Progression

• A succession of individual chords or harmonies
  that form larger units of phrases, sections, or
  compositions

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Triad

• A three-note chord consisting of root, third, and
  fifth
• Chord
• Two or more notes played simultaneously

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Scales

• In music, a scale is an ordered collection of
  notes or pitches, as opposed to a series of
  intervals, which is a musical mode. However, they
  are most often notated in ascending or descending
  forms. Each note in a scale is referred to as a
  scale degree. Though the scales from musical
  traditions around the world are often quite
  different, the pitches of the notes in any given
  scale are usually related by mathematical rules.
  Scales are theoretical constructs which may be
  used to control a composition.

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Major Scale Pattern

• WWHWWWH

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Minor Scale

• WHWWHWW

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Music Elements

• Melody

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Melody

• Phrase
• Cadence
• Bass Clef Sign
• Pitch notation
• (Notes)

• Bass Clef lines and spaces
• Sharps
• Flats
• Key Signatures
• 2 s, 2 bs

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Phrase

• Dividing musical sentences into melodic and/or
  rhythmic sections, similar to the effect of
  punctuation in language

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Cadence

• A kind of harmonic punctuation mark (resting
  place in a music phrase) that brings a piece of
  music to a satisfactory close

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Bass Clef

• Symbol placed on the five-line staff in
  traditional notation indicating the pitch of the
  notes and locating F on the fourth line from the
  bottom
• Clefs indicate pitch designation
• Bass is for the lower staff

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Bass Clef Lines and Spaces

• Bass Clef Lines
• Good Boys Do Fine Always

• Bass Clef Spaces
• All Cows Eat Grass

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Sharp

• A musical sign that raises a note 1 half step

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Flat

• Lowers the pitch 1 half step

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Sharp Key Signatures

• G Major
• 1 sharp F

• D Major
• 2 sharps F C

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Flat Key Signatures

• F Major
• 1 Flat Bb

• Bb Major
• 2 Flats Bb Eb

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Pitch Notation (Notes)

• The system of expressing music sounds through the
  use of written symbols called notes
• The system of expressing music sounds through the
  use of written symbols called notes

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Music Elements

• Rhythm

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Rhythm

• Syncopation
• Time Signature 6/8
• Asymmetrical Meter 5/4

• Rhythmic Durations
• Sixteenth Notes
• Dotted Notes

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Syncopation

• A temporary shifting of the accent in music so
  that the stress falls between the strong beats

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Time Signature 6/8

• 6 Beats to a Measure
• 8th Note gets a beat
• Can be conducted in 2 or 6
• Top how many beats in a measure
• Bottom what note gets the beat
• Feels like a waltz or dance

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Asymmetrical Meter 5/4

• 5 Beats in a measure
• Quarter notes get a beat
• Is conducted in 12 123 or 123 12
• Asymmetrical Meter meter in which the beats
  cannot be divided equally into groups of two or
  three

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Sixteenth note

• A note that receives one fourth count when 4 is
  the bottom number in the time signature

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Dotted NotesDotted Half Note

• In traditional notation, adding a dot after a
  note increases its value by half
• Since a half note usually gets two beats adding a
  dot after it gives it 3

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Music Elements

• Tempo

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Tempo

• Largo
• Moderato
• Allegro

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Largo

• Slow to very slow

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Moderato

• Medium or moderate rate of speed

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Allegro

• A rapid, vivacious movement, literally Happy
• Fairly Fast

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Music Elements

• Timbre

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Timbre

• Acoustic Instruments
• Synthesized Sounds
• Electronic Instruments

• Voices
• Keyboards
• Folk Instruments
• Orchestral Instruments

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Acoustic Instruments

• Any musical instrument not requiring sound from
  an electrical source.

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Acoustic Instruments

• Acoustic sound and it production
• unplugged

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Synthesized Sounds

• Musical sounds created electronically by
  recording or digitally produced

• Synthesizer
• A device that generates sound by creating
  waveforms electronically (such as subtractive or
  FM synthesis) or from stored samples of musical
  instruments (wave table synthesis). Although
  rudimentary electronic instruments were developed
  as far back as the 1920s, it was Robert Moog
  (pronounced "Mogue") who popularized the
  synthesizer in the 1960s. The term itself was
  coined after his devices, which were the first to
  combine an electronic (piano-style) keyboard with
  extremely flexible sound creation capabilities.
  In the 1970s, the Minimoog portable synthesizer
  was widely accepted. See MIDI and speech
  synthesis.

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Synthesized Sounds

• To change a sound by adding to it or taking away.
• Usually done electronically

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Electronic Instruments

• Computers
• Guitars
• Bass
• Drums

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Electronic Instruments

• Any type of instrument that uses electricity.

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Voices

• Soprano-Highest Female Voice
• Alto-Lowest female voice
• Tenor-Highest Male voice
• Bass-Lowest Male voice

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Keyboards

• Examples
• Electronic Piano
• Synthesizer
• Midi Keyboard

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Keyboards

• Piano, Harpsichord
• Electric or acoustic

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Folk Instruments

• Guitar
• Banjo
• Double Bass
• Mandolin
• Appalachian Dulcimer
• Bones
• Fiddle

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Folk Instruments

• Banjo Harmonica
• Dulcimer Mandolin
• Fiddle Recorder
• Guitar String Bass

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Orchestral Instruments

• Strings
• Violin
• Viola
• Cello
• Double Bass

• Winds
• Clarinet
• Flute
• Oboe
• Bassoon
• Trumpet
• Trombone
• French Horn
• Tuba
• Percussion

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Orchestral Instruments

• Strings Viola, Violin, Cello, String Bass and
  Harp
• Woodwinds Clarinet, Flute, Piccolo Oboe,
  Bassoon
• Brass Tuba, Trumpet, Trombone, French Horn
• Percussion Drums (snare, bass, timpani)
  Triangle, Xylophone, Bells, Cymbals

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Musical Styles

• Genres

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Musical Styles

• Jazz
• Spirituals/ Gospel
• Broadway Musicals

• Opera
• Ballads

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Jazz

• Style that combines ragtime and blues
  improvised and unpredictable

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Spirituals/Gospel

• Religious style of music free form not in strict
  time

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Broadway Musicals

• Plays with singing
• Examples
• Phantom of the Opera
• Les Miserables
• Jesus Christ Superstar

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Opera

• Sung Drama

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Ballads

• Songs that tell a story
• Example
• John Henry

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Musical Time Periods

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Musical Time Periods

• Renaissance 1400-1600
• Baroque 1600-1750
• NeoClassical/Classical 1720-1827
• Romantic 1760-1870
• Realism 1820-1870
• Impressionism/PostImpressionism 1850-1920
• Modern/Contemporary 1900-

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Renaissance1400-1600

• The Art Reflects
• New Freedom of thought and expression

• Purpose
• To promote the rebirth of the classical ideal.
• To reconcile faith with reason

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Renaissance1400-1600

• Composers
• Palestrina
• Dufay
• Des Prez

• Terminology
• Madrigal

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Baroque1600-1750

• The Arts Reflect
• Excess ornamentation, contrasts, tensions and
  energy.
• This style was also concerned with the balance
  and harmony of the whole work

• Purpose
• To reject the limits of previous styles and seek
  to restore the power of the monarchy and the
  church.

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Baroque1600-1750

• Composers
• Bach
• Vivaldi
• Handel

• Terminology
• Fugue
• Music resembles Poetry.

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NeoClassical/Classical1720-1827

• The Arts Reflect
• A return to order, reason and structural clarity

• Purpose
• A reaction to the excesses of the monarch and the
  ornateness of the Baroque Period
• An all encompassing seriousness and moral
  commitment
• That fine art should spread knowledge and
  enlightenment

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NeoClassical/Classical1720-1827

• Composers
• Mozart
• Beethoven
• Haydn

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Romantic1760-1870

• The Arts Reflect
• Freedom, emothion, sentimentality and
  spontaneity.
• It also reflected and interest in the exotic,
  primitive, and supernatural.
• Works idealized and emotional instead of
  intellectual

• Purpose
• To revolt against neo-classical order and reason
  as well as a return to nature and imagination

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Romantic1760-1870

• Composers
• Beethoven
• Tchaikovsky
• Schubert

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Romantic1760-1870(Continued)

• Chopin
• R. Strauss
• Verdi
• Wagner

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Realism1820-1870

• The Art reflects
• The effects of the Industrial revolution and the
  conditions of the working class.
• Real people doing everyday things

• Purpose
• To seek truth and find beauty in the commonplace

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Realism1820-1870

• Composer
• Puccini

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ModernImpressionism/Post-Impressionism1850-1920

• The Arts Reflect
• A different way of expressing reality
• Concerned with the contemporary experience rather
  than historical events or imagination

• Purpose
• To show the effects of light and atmospheric
  conditions
• The arts capture a moment of time through
  spontaneity and the use of quick bruch strokes
  and many shades of colar

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ModernImpressionism/Post-Impressionism1850-1920

• Composers
• Debussy
• Bizet
• Ravel

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Modern/Contemporary1900- Present

• The Arts Reflect
• The use of experimental techniques, the diversity
  of society and the blending of cultures

• Purpose
• To break with or redefine the conventions of the
  past.
• Abandonment of principles of imitation of
  appearance, simplification of form,
  nontraditional materials and use of materials,
  and a consciousness of the act and qualities of
  seeing itself.

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Modern/Contemporary1900- Present

• Composers
• Stravinsky
• Bernstein
• Copland
• Gershwin

• Terminology
• Folk
• Popular
• Jazz

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Modern/Contemporary1900- Present(continued)

• Armstrong
• Ellington
• Schoenberg
• Cage