ASI

1
Basic Six
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instruments
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Airspeed Indicator (ASI) Markings
http//www.daviddarling.info/images/airspeed_indic
ator.jpg
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AIRSPEED

Airspeed is the speed of an aircraft relative to
the air. Among the common conventions for
qualifying airspeed are Indicated Airspeed
("IAS"), Calibrated Airspeed ("CAS"),
True Airspeed ("TAS"), Equivalent Airspeed
("EAS") And Density Airspeed.
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed
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ASI COLORCODE

http//www.vansaircraft.com/pdf/speeds.pdf
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Airspeed Indicator (ASI) Markings

• Aircraft weighing 12,500 pounds or less,
  manufactured after 1945, and certificated by the
  FAA, are required to have ASIs marked in
  accordance with a standard color-coded marking
  system. This system of color-coded markings
  enables a pilot to determine at a glance certain
  airspeed limitations that are important to the
  safe operation of the aircraft. For example, if
  during the execution of a maneuver, it is noted
  that the airspeed needle is in the yellow arc and
  rapidly approaching the red line, the immediate
  reaction should be to reduce airspeed.
• As shown in Figure 7-8, ASIs on single-engine
  small aircraft include the following standard
  color-coded markings
• White arccommonly referred to as the flap
  operating range since its lower limit represents
  the full flap stall speed and its upper limit
  provides the maximum flap speed. Approaches and
  landings are usually flown at speeds within the
  white arc.
• Lower limit of white arc (VS0)the stalling speed
  or the minimum steady flight speed in the landing
  configuration. In small aircraft, this is the
  power-off stall speed at the maximum landing weigh
  t in the landing configuration (gear and flaps
  down).
• Upper limit of the white arc (VFE)the maximum
  speed with the flaps extended.
• Green arcthe normal operating range of the
  aircraft. Most flying occurs within this range.
• Lower limit of green arc (VS1)the stalling speed
  or the minimum steady flight speed obtained in a
  specified configuration. For most aircraft, this
  is the power-off stall speed at
  the maximum takeoffweight in the clean
  configuration (gear up, if retractable, and flaps
  up).
• Upper limit of green arc (VNO)the maximum
  structural cruising speed. Do not exceed this
  speed except in smooth air.
• Yellow arccaution range. Fly within this range
  only in smooth air, and then, only with caution.
• Red line (VNE)never exceed speed. Operating
  above this speed is prohibited since it may
  result in damage or structural failure.
• http//www.flightlearnings.com/airspeed-indicator-
  asi-markings/908/

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INDICATED AIRSPEED
Indicated airspeed (IAS) is the airspeed read
directly from the airspeed indicator on an
aircraft, driven by the pitot-static system. IAS
is directly related to calibrated airspeed (CAS),
which is the IAS corrected for instrument
and installation errors. An aircraft's indicated
airspeed in knots is typically abbreviated KIAS fo
r "Knots-Indicated Air Speed" (vs. KCAS for calibr
ated airspeed and KTAS for true airspeed). The
IAS is an important value for the pilot because
it directly indicates stall speed and various
airframe structurally limited speeds, regardless
of density altitude. Furthermore the IAS is
specified in regard to airspeed restrictions
below certain altitudes since it is the primary
speed indicator in an aircraft when operated
below transonic or supersonic speeds.

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicated_airspeed
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CALIBRATED AIRSPEED
Calibrated airspeed (CAS) is the speed shown by a
conventional airspeed indicator after correction
for instrument error and position error. Most
civilian EFIS displays also show CAS. At high
speeds and altitudes, calibrated airspeed is
further corrected for compressibility errors and
becomes equivalent airspeed (EAS). When flying at
sea level under International Standard Atmosphere
conditions (15C, 1013 hPa, 0 humidity)
calibrated airspeed is the same as equivalent
airspeed and true airspeed (TAS). If there is no
wind it is also the same as ground speed (GS).
Under any other conditions, CAS may differ from
the aircraft's TAS and GS. Calibrated airspeed in
knots is usually abbreviated as KCAS, while
indicated airspeed is abbreviated as KIAS. .

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibrated_airspeed
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TRUE AIRSPEED
True airspeed (TAS) of an aircraft is the speed
of the aircraft relative to the airmass in which
it is flying. True airspeed is important
information for accurate navigation of an
aircraft. Performance TAS is the true measure of
aircraft performance in cruise, thus listed in
aircraft specs, manuals, performance comparisons,
pilot reports, and every situation when actual
performance needs to be measured. It is the speed
normally listed on the flight plan, also used in
flight planning, before considering the effects
of wind.
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_airspeed
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Calculating True Airspeed
Low-speed flight At low speeds and altitudes IAS
and CAS are close to equivalent airspeed (EAS).
TAS can be calculated as a function of EAS and
air density1 Where TAS is true
airspeed EAS is equivalent
airspeed ?0 is the air density
at standard sea level (1.225 kg/m3)
? is the density of the air in which the
aircraft is flying
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_airspeed
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Calculating True Airspeed
High-speed flight TAS can be calculated as a
function of Mach number and static air
temperature Wherea0 is the speed of sound at
standard sea level (661.47 knots)M is Mach
number,T is static air temperature
in kelvin,T0 is the temperature at standard sea
level (288.15 K)For manual calculation of TAS in
knots where Mach number and static air
temperature are known the expression may be
simplified to (remembering temperature is in
kelvin) Combining the above with the expression
for Mach number gives an expression for TAS as a
function of impact pressure, static pressure and
static air temperature (valid for subsonic
flow) Where  qc is impact pressure
P is static pressure
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_airspeed
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EQUIVALENT AIRSPEED
Equivalent airspeed (EAS) is the airspeed at sea
level in the International Standard
Atmosphere that would produce the same dynamic
pressure as the true airspeed (TAS) at the
altitude at which the aircraft is flying.In
low-speed flight, it is the speed which would be
shown by an airspeed indicator with zero
error, It is useful for predicting aircraft
handling, aerodynamic loads, stalling
etc..  Where ?  is actual air density.   ?0
is standard sea level density (1.225 kg/m³ -or-
0.00237 slugs/ft³). EAS is a function
of dynamic pressure.
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_airspeed
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EQUIVALENT AIRSPEED
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_airspeed
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VSpeeds
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_speeds
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VSpeeds
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_airspeed
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VSpeeds
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_airspeed
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V1 Speeds
V1 DEFINITIONS V1 is the critical engine failure
recognition speed or takeoff decision speed. It
is the decision speed nominated by the pilot
which satisfies all safety rules, and above which
the takeoff will continue even if an engine
fails.9 The speed will vary between aircraft
types and also due to aircraft weight, runway
length, wing flap setting, engine thrust used,
runway surface contamination and other
factors. V1 is defined differently in different
jurisdictions The US Federal Aviation
Administration defines it as V1 means the
maximum speed in the takeoff at which the pilot
must take the first action (e.g., apply brakes,
reduce thrust, deploy speed brakes) to stop the
airplane within the accelerate-stop distance. V1
also means the minimum speed in the takeoff,
following a failure of the critical engine at
VEF, at which the pilot can continue the takeoff
and achieve the required height above the takeoff
surface within the takeoff distance. Transport
Canada defines it as Critical engine failure
recognition speed and adds This definition is
not restrictive. An operator may adopt any other
definition outlined in the aircraft flight manual
(AFM) of TC type-approved aircraft as long as
such definition does not compromise operational
safety of the aircraft.
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_speeds
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AIRSPEED

Storyline When the spoiled 13 years old Nicole is
expelled from school for the third time, her
super rich daddy has her brought home in his
private 727. However in a storm the airplane gets
damaged and the pilots and personnel are are
knocked out by loss of oxygen. So it's up to
Nicole to fight for their lives. Her only help is
a young air traffic controller who talks to her
by radio. Written by Tom Zoerner
ltTom.Zoerner_at_informatik.uni-erlangen.degt  
http//www.imdb.com/title/tt0171049/
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The Mach Meter  

http//www.nasm.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id
A19490053000
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The Mach Meter  

A Machmeter is an aircraft pitot-static
system flight instrument that shows the ratio of
the true airspeed to the speed of sound,
a dimensionless quantity called Mach number. This
is shown on a Machmeter as a decimal fraction. An
aircraft flying at the speed of sound is flying
at a Mach number of one, expressed as Mach 1.
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_number
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Colorcode  

i) Airspeed color codes White arc
flap-operating range (from flaps-down stall speed
to maximum airspeed with flaps down) Green
arc Normal operating range (from flaps-up stall
speed to maximum airspeed in rough air) Blue
radial line Best single-engine rate of climb
speed Yellow arc Structural warning area (from
maximum rough air speed to never-exceed
speed) Red radial line Never-exceed speed
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_number
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The Mach number  

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_number
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The Mach number and High speed flight 

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_number
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http//www.dept.aoe.vt.edu/mason/Mason_f/ConfigAe
roTransonics.pdf
24

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_number
http//www.allbestwallpapers.com/aircraft-air_fran
ce_concorde_wallpapers.html
25
Variometer or Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileCair-Xk10-vario.
jpeg
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Variometer or Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)
Variometers measure the rate of change of
altitude by detecting the change in air pressure
(static pressure) as altitude changes. A simple
variometer can be constructed by adding a large
reservoir (a thermos bottle) to augment the
storage capacity of a common aircraft
rate-of-climb instrument. In its simplest
electronic form, the instrument consists of an
air bottle connected to the external atmosphere
through a sensitive air flow meter. As the
aircraft changes altitude, the atmospheric
pressure outside the aircraft changes and air
flows into or out of the air bottle to equalise
the pressure inside the bottle and outside the
aircraft. The rate and direction of flowing air
is measured by the cooling of one of two
self-heating thermistors and the difference
between the thermistor resistances will cause a
voltage difference this is amplified and
displayed to the pilot. The faster the aircraft
is ascending (or descending), the faster the air
flows. Air flowing out of the bottle indicates
that the altitude of the aircraft is increasing.
Air flowing into the bottle indicates that the
aircraft is descending.
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileCair-Xk10-vario.
jpeg
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Variometer or Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)
The vertical speed indicator (VSI) or vertical
velocity indicator indicates whether the aircraft
is climbing, descending, or in level flight. The
rate of climb or descent is indicated in feet per
minute. If properly calibrated, this indicator
will register zero in level flight. Although the
vertical-speed indicator operates from the static
pressure source, it is a differential pressure
instrument. The differential pressure is
established between the instantaneous static
pressure in the diaphragm and the trapped static
pressure within the case.
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileCair-Xk10-vario.
jpeg
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http//journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/ 1520-
0469(1962)0193C04153AOTMFAA3E2.0.CO3B2
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Mach vs. Altitude
http//www.aerospaceweb.org/question/atmosphere/q0
112.shtml