After the Julio-Claudians

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After the Julio-Claudians

• The Year of the Four Emperors

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AD 69

• The Year of the Four Emperors
• Vindex
• Revolt in Gaul
• Suppressed by Verginius Rufus
• Suicide of Nero
• Galba
• secret of empire
• Otho
• Vitellius
• Vespasian

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The Flavian Dynasty
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Vespasian 69-79

• Britain
• Africa
• Judea
• Emperor
• Deification

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Rome and Judea

• Conflict at the edge of empire

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Judaism

• Monotheistic
• Exclusive
• Mutually indifferent
• Tolerated
• Mos Maiorum

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Judaism

• 63 BC
• Pompey intervenes in succession dispute
• Judea comes under Roman control
• 6 CE
• Judea becomes Roman province
• Augustus
• Tolerant
• Exemptions
• Pontius Pilate
• Standards
• Shields
• Gaius
• Wants statue in temple

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Judaism

• 44/66-72
• 1st Jewish War
• Antagonism between Jews and gentiles
• Death of Herod Agrippa
• Vespasian

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Judaism AD 70

• Destruction of the temple
• City destroyed
• Temples closed
• Territory becomes imperial
• Citizens sold into slavery
• Provincial troops sent elsewhere
• No Judean state
• Jews at Rome retain exemptions

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Titus 79-81

• 1st emperor to succeed father
• Plague at Rome
• Fire at Rome
• Eruption of Vesuvius
• Amphitheater
• Well-loved

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Domitian 81-96

• Tiberius
• Dominus et deus
• Dacian Wars
• Cruelty
• Murdered

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Adoptive Emperors (AD 96-180)

• Nerva (96-98)
• Trajan (98-117)
• Hadrian (117-138)
• Antoninus Pius (138-161)
• Marcus Aurelius (161-180)
• Lucius Verus (161-169)
• Commodus (180-192)

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Trajan

• Soldier Emperor
• Senate
• Frontier expansion

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Hadrian

• Grecophile
• Grand Tour
• Consolidates frontiers
• Building
• Pantheon
• Wall in Britain

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Marcus Aurelius

• Stoic
• Danube Wars

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Commodus

• Hercules Romanus
• Saevior Domitiano, imperior Nerone
• Strangled in his bath

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More Civil War

• Pertinax (193)
• Pescennius Niger (193-194)
• Clodius Albinus (193-197)
• Septimius Severus (193-211)

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Severan Dynasty (193-235)

• Septimius Severus (193-211)
• Caracalla (211-217)
• Geta (211-212)
• Macrinus (217-218)
• Elagabalus (218-222)
• Severus Alexander (222-235)

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Septimius Severus

• Punic
• Retroactive adoption
• Military reforms
• Julia Domna
• sons
• Caracalla
• Geta

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Damnatio Memoriae
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Caracalla (209-217)

• Constitutio Antoniniana (212 ce)
• Geta
• Alexander aspirations
• German Wars
• Parthian Wars

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Turbulent 3rd century

• AD 235-284
• Two fronts
• Sassanid empire
• German Confederacies
• Franks (lower Rhine)
• Alemanni (upper Danube)
• Marcomanni (upper Danube)
• Vandals (lower Danube)
• Goths (lower Danube)
• 22 legitimate emperors

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Some Soldier Emperors

• Maximinus Thrax (235-238)
• Maximus (238)
• Gordian III (238-244)
• Philippus Arabs (244-249)
• Decius (249-251)
• Gallus (251-253)
• Valerian (253-259)
• Gallienus (259-268)

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Valerian Surrenders to the Shapur I (259/60 ce)
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Some More Soldier Emperors

• Gothicus (268-270)
• Aurelianus (270-275)
• Tacitus (275-276)
• Probus (276-282)
• Carus (282-283)
• Numerianus (283-284)

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Tetrarchy (284-324)

• Empire divided
• 2 Augusti
• 2 Caesars-in-training
• 4 capitals (Nicomedia, Antioch, Milan, Trier)
• East
• Diocletian (284-305)
• Galerius (293-305)
• West
• Maximianus (285-305)
• Constantius (293-305)

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Constantines Legacy

• Christianity
• (Berninis Constantine)

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Christianity

• Roman pov
• pax deorum (peace with the gods)
• Roman gods protect Roman state
• Christian pov
• Only the Christian god exist
• Roman gods do not exist

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Christianity Persecutions

• A.D. 64
• Nero
• Fire at Rome
• Isolated persecution
• 112
• Pliny the Younger in Bithynia-Pontus
• What to do about the Christians?
• Trajan
• Dont ask, dont tell
• Marcus Aurelius
• Severans
• Earthquake
• Famine
• Plague

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Christianity general persecutions

• 250-251 (Decius)
• 1st general persecution
• Certificate of sacrifice
• Decius killed in battle
• 257-260 (Valerian)
• 2nd general persecution
• Capital punishment
• Services prohibited
• Property confiscated

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Christianity the great persecution

• Diocletians sacrifice (299)
• Cannot read entrails
• Christians make sign of cross
• Interfere with imperial sacrifice
• Christians prevent Diocletian from visiting
  oracle of Apollo at Didyma (302)
• General Persecution
• 303, February 23
• Church at Nicomedia is destroyed

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General Persecution and Diocletians Edict

• 6 days before the Kalends of March, 1056 a.u.c.
• all meetings for Christian worship prohibited
• all churches to be destroyed
• all scripture and liturgical texts to be burned
• church property confiscated
• Christians lose status and privilege
• sacrifice precedes all law courts
• clergy arrested and imprisoned
• mandatory sacrifice during public meetings

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Constantine (305-337) AD 312

• civil war
• Constantine Maxentius
• Oct. 28
• battle at Milvian Bridge
• Constantines Dream/Vision
• Labarum on shields standards
• Oct. 29
• triumphal procession ends at Christian church
• Not temple of IOM

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Constantine (305-337)

• 313
• Conference at Milan
• Edict of toleration
• Restoration of church property
• 314
• baptism of Tiridates, king of Armenia

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The Christian emperor

• Imperial court
• Money and land grants
• Prerogatives
• Tax exemptions (clergy)
• Manumission (church)
• Arbitration (bishops)
• Crucifixion is abolished
• Sunday mandatory holy day for everyone
• Suppression of the old religions
• public sacrifice prohibited
• temple treasuries confiscated
• temples remain open
• but worship is restricted

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The Christian emperor

• 325
• Council of Nicea
• Presided over by unbaptized emperor
• Arian controversy
• 330
• Dedication of Constantinople
• New Rome
• Senate
• Hippodrome
• No pagan temples
• Many Christian churches

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Death of Constantine

• Pentecost Sunday, 22 May, AD 337
• Baptized on deathbed
• Deified by Roman Senate

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Constantines dynasty (305-363)

• Constantine (307-337)
• Constantinus (337-340)
• Constans (337-350)
• Constantius II (337-361)
• Iulian the apostate (355-360)

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Theodosius, the Christian Emperor (379-395)

• 381 Christianity only legally permissible
  religion
• 382 Theodosius refuses Pontifex Maximus
• 391 Pagan sacrifice prohibited
• temples closed
• 392 Pagan worship treason
• 393 prohibits Pagan festivals
• Olympic games

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Justin I

• 529 all pagans must be baptized!

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The Fall of the Roman Empire

• in the West

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Collapse in the west

• 364-410 rise of German confederates
• Honorius Stilicho
• 410 Visigoths sack Rome
• 455 Vandals sack Rome
• 476 Germans depose last emperor in the West

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Romulus Augustulus (31 October 475 - 4 September
476 )
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Justinian (527-565)

• Wants to Reunite
• Empire
• Church
• Justinian Code
• Nika Riots (532)

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Stability in the East

• Constantinople
• Economic stability
• Viable population
• Older
• More civilized

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Magnus ab integro saeclorum nascitur ordo
(Vergil, Eclog. 4)

• "A Great Cycle of ages is rising from anew"

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Rise of Islam

• 622
• rise of Islam
• 642
• Arabs conquer Palestine, Persia, Mesopotamia
• North Africa by late 7th c.
• 711
• Tariq crosses Gibraltar (gebel-al-Tariq)
• conquers Visigothic kingdoms in Spain

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Empire without End

• Byzantine Empire

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Roman Empire in the East

• Constantinople Nea Rhoma
• Ruled by basileus Rhoumaion
• 629
• Byzantine Empire
• Herakleios Basileos
• 842-867
• Constantine and Methodius go to Moravia
• Greek language
• Byzantine faith
• 1453
• Turks capture Constantinople
• Konstantine XI dies in battle
• Mehmed II keyser-i-rum (!)
• 1462-1505
• Ivan III of Moscow
• marries Zoë, Konst. XIs niece
• Czar Autokrater of all Russia

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Empire in the West
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Charlemagne (768-814)

• conquers Saxons Lombards
• crowned by Pope in Rome (800)
• recognized by Michael I in Byzantium (812)
• Latin
• administration
• 900
• Kingdom disintegrates

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Charlemagne
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Holy Roman Empire

• 962
• Otto I
• German
• crowned emperor in Rome
• Kaisar
• 1806

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18th century revolutions

• in France and North America
• Roman ideals
• republican government
• 1804 Napoleon, national French empire
• 1806 end of the Holy Roman Empire
• 1871 William I, Prussia, German emperor
• 1877 Victoria, British empire
• 1914-1918 WWI
• end of European empires

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Napoleon

• Law code
• Eagles
• Prefects
• Jacques-Louis David

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Mussolini

• attempt to recreate Roman empire in Italy
• 1922-1943
• Benito Mussolini
• Duce del Fascismo
• 1936 Roman empire "restored"
• 1946 damnatio memoriae