The Middle Ages

1
The Middle Ages

• Corresponds to Chapters
• 13 and14

2
Invaders attack Western Europe

• The Vikings invade the North
• Warlike Vikings raid Europe from Scandanavia
• Viking long ships sail in shallow water, allowing
  raids inland
• Eventually, many Vikings adopt Christianity
  become farmers
• Magyars Muslims Attack from the East South
• Magyars (Hungarian nomads) invade W. Europe in
  late 800s
• Muslims strike north from Africa, attacking
  through Italy Spain
• Viking, Magyar, Muslim invasions cause widespread
  disorder, suffering

3
A new social order Feudalism

• Feudalism Structures Society
• 850 950, feudalism emerges political system
  based on land control
• A lord (landowner) gives fiefs (land grants) in
  exchange for services
• Vassals people who receive fiefs become
  powerful landholders
• The Feudal Pyramid
• Power in feudal system much like a pyramid, w/
  king at the top
• Kings served by nobles who are served by knights
  peasants at bottom
• Knights defend their lords land in exchange for
  fiefs

4
Feudalism Cont

• The Feudal Pyramid
• Power in feudal system much like a pyramid, w/
  king at the top
• Kings served by nobles who are served by knights
  peasants at bottom
• Knights defend their lords land in exchange for
  fiefs

5
Feudalism and Social Classes

• Social Classes are well defined
• Medieval feudal system classifies people into 3
  social groups
• Those who fight nobles knights
• Those who pray monks, nuns, leaders of Church
• Those who work peasants
• Social class is usually inherited majority of
  people are peasants
• Most peasants are serfs people lawfully bound
  to place of birth
• Serfs arent slaves, but what they produce
  belongs to their lord

6
Manors The economic side of feudalism

• The Lords Estate
• The Lords estate, a manor, has an economic
  system (manor system)
• Serfs free peasants maintain the lords estate,
  give grain
• The lord provides housing, farmland, protection
  from bandits

7
A self- contained World

• Medieval manors include lords house, church,
  workshops, village
• Manors cover a few square miles of land, are
  largely self-sufficient

8
The harshness of Manor life

• Peasants pay tax to use mill bakery pay a
  tithe to priest
• Tithe church tax is equal to 1/10th of a
  peasants income
• Serfs live in crowded cottages with dirt floors,
  straw beds
• Daily life consists of raising crops, livestock
  feeding clothing family
• Poor diet, illness, malnutrition make life
  expectancy 35 years
• Serfs generally accept their lives as part of
  Gods Plan

9
Knights Warriors on Horseback

• The Warriors role in feudal society
• By 1000s, W. Europe is a battleground of warring
  nobles
• Feudal lords raise private armies of knights
• Knights rewarded w/land provides income needed
  for weapons
• Knights other activities help train them for
  combat

10
The Code of Chivalry

• By 1100s knights obey code of chivalry a set of
  ideals on how to act
• They are to protect weak poor serve feudal
  lord, God, chosen lady
• A knights training
• Boys begin to train at 7 usually knighted at 21
• Knights gain experience in local wars
  tournaments mock battles

11
The reality of warfare

• Castles are huge fortresses where lords live
• Attacking armies use wide range of strategies
  weapons
• See page 366 in textbook

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13
Poems Songs

• Epic poems recount a heros deeds adventures
• Troubadours traveling poet-musicians write
  sing short verses
• Most celebrated woman of the age is Eleanor of
  Acquitaine
• Eleanors son, Richard the Lion-Hearted

14
Womens role in feudal society

• Status of women
• According to the Church feudal society, women
  are inferior to men
• Noblewomen
• Can inherit land, defend castle, send knights to
  war on lords request
• Usually confined to activities of the home or
  convent
• Peasant Women
• Most labor in home field, bear children,
  provide for family
• Poor, powerless, do household tasks at young age

15
The Power of the Medieval Church

• The Pope
• Head of the Church was called pope
• The Pope gets name from Latin word for father
  considered the father of the church
• In beginning of the Church, nobles could pick the
  Pope

16
The Sacraments

• sacraments church rituals done to get Gods
  grace. Without Gods grace, you couldnt get
  into Heaven
• Examples of sacraments are baptism, penance,
  the Eucharist (Communion)
• If you did something wrong, the church could
  excommunicate you (kick you out) cant receive
  sacraments, wont go to Heaven

17
The Power of Mass

• Mass name for church services
• Mass conducted in Latin, most peasants did not
  understand it gave priests a lot of power over
  the people
• Peasants got info from statues, paintings,
  windows

18
Noble Influence

• The Church supposed to be a religious
  institution nobles used church for their own
  gain
• Donations of land money to church could
  result in a position as a bishop or other church
  official
• People that the king or a noble didnt like could
  be threatened w/ excommunication unless agree w/
  nobles

19
Monastic Life

• Monks/ nuns tried to avoid problems w/ taking
  money from nobles lived simple lives
• took vows of silence lived separate from rest
  of world
• spent lives making schools hospitals, providing
  for poor/needy, producing beautiful copies of
  books by hand

20
The Church as a Judge

• The regular church was still very powerful had
  courts in which it could try people for crimes
  against the church
• One of the biggest crimes was called heresy
  (denial of church teachings)
• Heretics (people who committed heresy) were
  excommunicated from the church
• Heresy considered as bad as treason

21
The Inquisition

• a court set up to prosecute heretics
• People could be accused of heresy by their
  enemies, investigated by the church
• Sometimes heretics tortured to try get them to
  confess to their crimes

22
The Crusades

• Goals of the Crusades
• Pope wants to reclaim Jerusalem reunite
  Christianity
• Kings use Crusades to send away knights who cause
  trouble
• Younger sons hope to earn land or win glory by
  fighting
• Later, merchants join Crusades to try to gain
  wealth through trade

23
The 1st 2nd Crusades

• Pope promises Crusaders who die a place in Heaven
• 1st Crusade 3 armies gather at Constantinople in
  1097
• Crusaders capture Jerusalem in 1099
• Captured lands along coast divided into 4
  Crusader states
• Muslims take back one in 1144 2nd Crusade fails
  to retake it
• 1187 Saladin Muslim leader retakes Jerusalem

24
The 3rd Crusade

• 3rd Crusade led by 3 powerful rulers
• Richard the Lion-Hearted king of England
• Phillip II of France abandons Crusade after
  arguing w/ Richard
• Frederick I of Germany drowns during journey
• 1192 Richard Saladin make peace
• Saladin keeps Jerusalem but allows Christian
  pilgrims to enter city

25
Later Crusades

• 4th Crusade Crusaders loot Constantinople in
  1204
• 2 other Crusades strike Egypt, but fail to weaken
  Muslims

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Outcome of the Crusades

• Most of Spain controlled by the Moors (a Muslim
  people)
• Christians fight Reconquista drive Muslims from
  Spain, 1100-1492
• Spain has inquisition court to suppress heresy
  expels non-Christians
• The Crusades change life
• Crusades show power of Church in convincing
  thousands to fight
• Women who stay home manage estates business
  affairs
• Merchants expand trade, bring back many goods
  from SW Asia
• Failure of later Crusades weakens pope nobles,
  strengthens kings
• Crusades create lasting bitterness bt Muslims
  Christians

27
Changes in Medieval Society

• Changes in agriculture
• Harnessed horses replace oxen in pulling plows
  wagons
• Horses plow 3 times as much a day, increasing
  food supply
• The 3-field System
• Around 800, 3-field system used plant 2 fields,
  let one rest
• This produces more food leads to population
  increase

28
Development of Guilds

• Guilds develop organization of people in the
  same occupation
• Merchant guilds begin 1st they keep prices up,
  provide security
• Skilled artisans form craft guilds
• Guilds set standards for quality, wages, prices,
  working conditions
• Guilds supervise training of new members of their
  craft
• The wealth of guilds influences govt. economy

29
The Commercial Revolution

• Fairs Trade
• Europe sees Commercial Revolution changes in
  business trade
• Trade fairs held several times a year in towns
• Trade routes open to Asia, N.Africa, Byzantine
  ports
• Business Banking
• Merchants develop credit to avoid carrying large
  sums of money
• Merchants take out loans to purchase goods,
  banking grows
• Society Changes
• Economic changes lead to the growth of cities
  of paying jobs

30
Urban life flourishes

• Growing urban population
• 1000-1150, Europes pop. rises from 30-42 million
• Most towns are small, but they help drive change
• Trade towns grow together
• Towns are uncomfortable crowded, dirty, fire
  hazards
• Serfs can become free by living in a town for a
  year a day
• Merchant class shifts the social order
• Feudal lords tax govern towns, causing
  resentment
• Towns are taken over by town merchants (burghers)

31
England Develops

• The Norman Conquest
• In 1066, England is invaded by William the
  Conqueror
• He defeats his rival becomes king
• William hands out land to his supporters
• Juries Common Law
• Henry II king of England sends judges to all
  parts of England institutes juries
• The judges decisions form English common law
  unified body of laws
• Common law forms the basis of law in many
  English-speaking countries

32
The Magna Carta

• 1215 English nobles force King John to sign
  Magna Carta
• Magna Carta limits kings power guarantees
  basic political rights
• English people argue the rights are for all
  people, not just nobles
• The Model Parliament
• 1295 Edward I summons wealthy townsmen knights
  to raise taxes
• Together w/ bishops lords, they form a
  parliament legislative body
• Parliament has 2 houses House of Lords, House of
  Commons

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The Model Parliament

• 1295 Edward I summons wealthy townsmen knights
  to raise taxes
• Together w/ bishops lords, they form a
  parliament legislative body
• Parliament has 2 houses House of Lords, House of
  Commons

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Whats with all the NumbersXVI V IV
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France

• Hugh Capet and family rule small territory around
  Paris, power spreads and their rule last over 300
  years.
• Est. heriditary rule, eldest son
• Phillip II
• 15 yo, reigned for 45 years
• Doubled lands through marrage
• Created royal army

36
France Cont

• Louis IX Phillip IIs grandson.
• Puts a ban on private warfare Why?
• Creates common currency Kings own. Why?

37
France Cont

• Phillip IV, Phillip the Fair. Louis IX grandson
• Called forth the Estates General to pay for wars.
  
• EG assembly of clergy nobles and towns people.
  Never as powerful as parlaiment.

38
Henry IV

• Has a major fight with Pope Gregory VII, the Pope
  condemned lay investure (the giving of symbols of
  office such as a ring or staff). King Henry
  refused to stop the practice. Pope proclaimed
  Henry deposed and urged the Germans to select
  another ruler. Henry went to the pope and begged
  for forgiveness. For 3 days he stood outside the
  gate begging for mercy. He was forgiven. In 1122
  church officials and representation known as the
  Concordat of Worms allowed the King to name
  bishops and grant them land. Also gave the Pope
  the right to reject unworthy candidates.