Self Confidence, Participation and Self-Esteem

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Self Confidence, Participation and Self-Esteem

• Mr. P. Leighton
• Mental Preparation for Sport
• Sports Psychology

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Todays Session

• Understand the relationship between
  SELF-CONFIDENCE and SELF-EFFICACY.
• Develop our understanding by using the
  SELF-EFFICACY THEORY.

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So what is SELF-CONFIDENCE?

• Self-Confidence appears throughout both Sports
  Psychology and our own lives.
• What other SELF terms do you know?
• SELF-ESTEEM?
• Self esteem refers to a consistent degree of
  confidence that a person displays across a wide
  range of situations
• Self Confidence is therefore a state which is
  global and stable.

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Self Confidence and Participation

• Self Confidence influences motivation and
  therefore the duration of participation.
• Bandura (1977) proposed that as participants
  become more competent in specific skills they
  develop positive self belief.
• Basically- the more you do something the better
  you feel about it and the more confident you get!

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Self-Efficacy

• Self-Efficacy is a specific type of self
  confidence.
• It relates to a persons perception of their own
  standard of abilities.
• It is, however, unstable and can be changed
  through different means.

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Self-Efficacy in Sport

• Leon MacDonald All Blacks International
• High Self-efficacy in most of his game
• Low self-efficacy in goal kicking- avoidance of
  this area.

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Continued

• Bandura stated that people with HIGH
  self-efficacy tend to adopt APPROACH behaviours,
  seek challenges and persevere with tasks.
• They also ATTRIBUTE success to their internal
  factors that relate directly to themselves i.e.
  ABILITY and EFFORT.
• This elevates confidence and increases
  expectations of success.
• Self efficacy can, therefore, exert a powerful
  influence on performance by raising expectations
  on success

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Stuart Broad

• Originally just a bowler
• Began to get success with the bat- began to bat
  further up the order
• Is now considered the next Garfield Sobers and
  rival to Andrew Flintoff as an all rounder.

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Low Self Efficacy

• These performers tend to adopt AVOIDANCE
  behaviours.
• They give up easily and become anxious when
  things become difficult.
• They also tend to attribute failure to INTERNAL
  factors- basically their own shortcomings.
• This would introduce LEARNED HELPLESSNESS.

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Self-Efficacy Theory

• Levels of self-efficacy determine efficacy
  expectations which directly influence the choice
  an individual makes regarding sporting
  activities.
• Efficacy then, is influenced by 4 sub-processes
  which a coach can use to turn negatives into
  positives and lead to desired ATHLETIC
  PERFORMANCE.

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Performance Accomplishments

• A performer who experiences LEARNED HELPLESSNESS
  or a loss of confidence should be reminded of
  previous successes in the skill or situation.
• Reinforcement of past attainments has the most
  powerful effects upon self-efficacy Why?
• Based on PERSONAL MASTERY EXPERIENCES.

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Vicarious Experiences

• Involves the person who lacks confidence watching
  others of equal ablility perform the problematic
  skill successfully.
• Why wouldnt watching a professional be
  successful in this situation?
• Not similar standard- attribution to other
  factors?
• Vicarious experiences reduces worry and develops
  confidence.

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Verbal Persuasion

• Involves convincing the athlete that they have
  the ability to perform the skill.
• The positive talk is an attempt to elevate
  self-belief and is conveyed by the coach.
• Many successful performers, however, rely on
  Positive Self-talk rather than others- Why?
• Success- Attribution to themselves

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Control of Arousal

• This refers to the evaluation the performer makes
  of their internal feelings and physiological
  state.
• Those lacking in self-efficacy may portray
• Increased HR
• Increased respiration
• Sweating
• These are not symptoms of readiness for
  performance.
• They show nervousness and worry.

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Self-efficacy and Elite Performers

• High self-efficacy is essential for elite
  standards.
• It is equally important to develop a healthy
  active lifestyle at recreational levels.
• Although a positive attitude towards exercise
  does not predict participation (Dishman et al,
  1980) it appears that the degree of efficacy is
  the major motivating factor that encourages
  engagement in fitness activities.

The most consistent difference between elite and
less successful athletes is that elite athletes
possess greater self-confidence (Gould et.
Al, 1997)
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Finally

• McAuley (1992) stated that if people can develop
  high self-efficacy expectations in relation to
  exercise programmes, they are more likely to
  adopt and persist in healthy lifestyles by taking
  up physical activities.

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