The Triumphs and Travails of Jeffersonian Democracy 1800-1812

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The Triumphs and Travails of Jeffersonian
Democracy1800-1812

• Ch. 11

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North America in 1800 In 1800, the new United
States of America shared the North American
continent with territories held by the European
powers British Canada, French Louisiana
(secretly ceded that year to France by Spain),
Spanish Florida, Spanish Mexico, and Russian
Alaska, expanding southward along the Pacific
coast. Few people could have imagined that by
1850, the United States would span the continent.
But the American settlers who had crossed the
Appalachians to the Ohio River Valley were
already convinced that opportunity lay in the
West.
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Chapter Themes

• Jeffersons effective, pragmatic policies
  strengthened the principles of two-party
  republican govt, even though Jeffersonian
  revolution caused sharp partisan battles
  between Federalists and Republicans over
  particular issues

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Chapter Themes

• Despite his intentions, Jefferson became deeply
  entangled in the foreign-policy conflicts of the
  Napoleonic era, leading to a highly unpopular and
  failed embargo that revived the dying Federalist
  Party

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Chapter Themes

• James Madison fell into an international trap,
  set by Napoleon, that Jefferson had avoided.
  Western War Hawks enthusiasm for a war with
  Britain was matched by New Englanders hostility.

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Thomas Jefferson designed and supervised every
aspect of the building and furnishing of
Monticello, his classical home atop a hill near
Charlottesville, Virginia. The process took
almost forty years (from 1770 to 1809), for
Jefferson costantly changed and refined his
design, subjecting both himself and his family to
years of uncomfortable living in the partially
completed structure. The result, however, was one
of the most civilizedand most autobiographicalho
uses ever built. SOURCECourtesy of the Library
of Congress
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Tall, ungainly, and diffident in manner, Thomas
Jefferson was nonetheless a man of genius, an
architect, naturalist, political philosopher, and
politician. SOURCECourtesy of the Library of
Congress.
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This symbol of the Philadelphia Society for
Promoting Agriculture illustrates the principles
of republican agrarianism. The yeoman farmer is
ploughing his field under the approving gaze of
the female figure of Columbia. His activity
expresses the values of the American republic
that she represents and in which Thomas Jefferson
so strongly believed. As he said, those who
labor in the earth are the chosen people of
God. SOURCELibrary of Congress.
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RecapRevolution of 1800

• Jefferson/Burr win over Adams
• 3/5 clause helped Jefferson
• Made North resentful of clause
• Run-off Jefferson and Burr (both got same of
  electoral votes)
• Federalists liked Burr over Jefferson, but when
  voting in House to break tie a few Federalist
  didnt vote and Jefferson won
• Jefferson saw this a return to Revolutionary
  values

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The Election of 1800 In the presidential election
of 1800, Democratic Republican victories in New
York and the divided vote in Pennsylvania threw
the election to Jefferson. The combination of the
South and these crucial Middle States would keep
the Democratic Republicans in control of the
federal government for the next generation.
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Long Tom (6.2) Jefferson

• The will of the majority is in all cases to
  prevailthat will to be rightful must be
  reasonable the minority possess their equal
  rights, which equal law must protect, and to
  violate would be oppression
• Honest friendship with all nations, entangling
  alliances with none.
• (inaugural address)

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Jeffersons ideals

• Inconsistent
• Ideals often didnt match with practical
  governing
• Able, charming politicianthough he made enemies
  by being unconventional and having democratic
  social manner

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Undoing Federalist policies

• Alien and Sedition acts expired
• Jefferson freed anyone jailed under it
• No Patronage of Jeffersonians in office
• Got rid of whiskey excise tax
• Reduced national debt/balance the budget
• Didnt get rid of many Federalist
  programsabsorbed them into Jeffersonian ideals

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Judiciary Act of 1801

• Act by Adams to get lifetime judges(16 total
  including John Marshall) into office before
  Jefferson took over (midnight judges3 of them)
• Republican congress repealed it
• Couldnt get rid of Marshall who issued
  Federalist ruling for the next 34 yrs

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Marbury V. Madison

• Marbury was judge appointed by Adams and
  dismissed by Jefferson.
• Sued, to force Secty of State (Madison) to give
  him job
• Supreme Court dismissed Marburys suit
• Said 1789 Judiciary Act (est. supreme ct) on
  which suit was based was unconstitutional
• A clause granting the Supreme Court the power to
  issue writs of mandamus outside its appellate
  jurisdiction was declared unconstitutional
• 1st time something declared unconstitutional
• Ruling gave the Supreme Court the final say in
  all laws regarding constitutionality
• Reaffirmed system of checks and balances

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Fightin

• Military size reduced/disliked standing army idea
• Pirates of North African Barbary States
• Leader in Tripoli declared war on US
• Jefferson sent Navy (Marine Corps as fighters)
• Won peace treaty in 1805 for 60Kransom for
  kidnapped soldiers

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Fun Fact

• Marine fight song mentions the Barbary War
• From the Halls of Montezuma,To the shores of
  TripoliWe fight our country's battlesIn the
  air, on land, and seaFirst to fight for right
  and freedomAnd to keep our honor cleanWe are
  proud to claim the titleOf United States Marine.

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Louisiana Purchase The Louisiana Purchase of
1803, the largest peaceful acquisition of
territory in United States history, more than
doubled the size of the nation. The Lewis and
Clark expedition (180406) was the first to
survey and document the natural and human
richness of the area. The American sense of
expansiveness and continental destiny owes more
to the extraordinary opportunity provided by the
Louisiana Purchase than to other factor.
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Louisiana Godsend

• 1800 Napoleon persuaded king of Spain to give it
  Louisiana area, including New Orleans
• 1802 Spain disallows right of deposit (storing)
  in New Orleans
• Violation of Pinckneys Treaty 1795
• Americans outraged
• Jefferson send Monroe and Livingston to France to
  buy New Orleans and Napoleon decides to sell the
  whole territory! 15mil in 1803
• Technically, Jefferson cant complete purchase
  because it is a treaty. Who cares, its a bargain

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Patrick Gass, one of the soldiers on the
expedition, published the first popular account,
A Journal of the Voyages and Travels of the Corps
of Discovery, in 1810. This illustration
Captains Lewis and Clark holding a Council with
the Indians, depicts a frequent event, for Lewis
and Clark learned the route west by consulting
with local Indians. Patrick Cass,Courtesy of the
Library of Congress.
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Valley of Democracy

• L.P. avoids war with France, Spain and
  entanglement with England
• Jefferson can now have his agrarian dream
• Lewis and Clark Corps of Discovery
• 33 plus Sacajawea on 2.5 yr trip
• Overland trail to the Pacific
• Used to justify claim to Oregon Country
• Long termgreatshort termcause fear from idea
  of secession

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Fun Fact

• STIs were a major problem on the Lewis and Clark
  expedition
• It was reported that the men spent many hours
  rubbing mercury on their skin (mercury was the
  cure for STIs at the time)
• Famous phrase of the time A night with Venus, a
  lifetime with Mercury

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Fun Fact

• Whipping was the punishment for insubordination
  on the Lewis and Clark trip.
• The chief of the Arikara tribe saw a man being
  whipped and wepttheir tribe never struck anyone,
  even children
• The Indian punishment for insubordination was
  deathwhich was seen a less cruel

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During this reenactment of the meeting of Lewis
and Clark and the Nez Perce in present-day
northern Idaho, tourists reach out and touch
imagined history as Craig Rockwell (as Capt.
William Clark) shows the group a camas plant. In
reality, until the Nez Perce took them in and fed
them, expedition members were too exhausted and
starving to reach out to anyone. Lewiston
Morning Tribune.
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In this horse parade, contemporary Nez Perce
Indians recapture the pageantry and pride that
the tribes possession of large herds of
Appaloosa horses and their renowned horsemanship
brought them before white settlement. Diana
L.Jones,USDA Forest Service.
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This shows the medal Lewis and Clark presented to
the Nez Perce Indians in 1805. One side shows a
profile of Thomas Jefferson, with the
description, Th. Jefferson, President of the
U.S. A.D. 1802, while the clasped hands on the
other side promise Peace and Friendship. National
Park Service Photo.
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Aaron Burr

• V.P. in Jeffersons first term, then dropped
• Joined in plot with Federalists to have New
  England and New York secede
• Hamilton found out and exposed Burr
• Burr challenged Hamilton to duel
• Hamilton didnt fire, Burr did
• Burr continued with plot to secedeWest from East
  this time
• Tried for treason, acquitted, fled to France

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Jefferson, Part 2avoiding war

• Reelected in 1804
• France and Britain at war
• Britain issues Orders in Councilresult is US
  cant trade with England or France
• Impressment going on6k from 1808-1811
• Chesapeake affairEnglish ship demanded to search
  for 4 deserters, US captain said no, so British
  destroyed ship
• Jefferson refused warbut event would be
  remembered going into War of 1812

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Embargo Act 1807

• Didnt want war, but President and Congress
  wanted to punish Europe
• Forbade all exports of goodsstrictly enforced
• Almost killed US economy, Europenot so much
• Made Americans take up privateering again and
  they began to hate Jefferson
• Soon pass Non-Intercourse Act---could trade
  again, just not with England and France
• Helped Northern factoriesused non exported goods

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Fun Fact

• When Vermont learned they couldnt trade with
  Canada due to the Embargo Act, they came up with
  creative ways around it
• Goods would be carried to buildings just across
  from Canada on top of a hill
• When the house was full, they would remove a
  stone and it would slide into Canada

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American Export Trade, 17901815 This graph shows
how completely the American shipping boom was
tied to European events. Exports, half of which
were reexports, surged when Britain and France
were at war and America could take advantage of
its status as neutral. Exports slumped in the
brief period of European peace in 18031805 and
plunged following the Embargo Act of 1807 and the
outbreak of the War of 1812. SOURCEDouglass
C.North,The Economic Growth of the United States
, 1790 1860 (New York Norton,1966), p.26.
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Americas problems in 1809

• Play 2 min Video on U.S. trade restrictions

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A New President

• Madison takes over in 1809
• Macons Bill No 2
• Congress passes w/o Madison input
• Restore trade to nations that remove commercial
  restrictions and embargo nations that wont
• Napoleon implies he will remove restrictions so
  U.S. will embargo Britain, again, since they say
  they wont lift Orders in Council
• Moves U.S. closer to war with Britain

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Tecumseh, a Shawnee military leader, and his
brother Tenskwatawa, a religious leader called
The Prophet, led a pan-Indian revitalization and
resistance movement that posed a serious threat
to American westward expansion. Tecumseh traveled
widely, attempting to build a military alliance
on his brothers spiritual message. He achieved
considerable success in the Old Northwest, but
less in the Old Southwest, where many Indian
peoples put their faith in accommodation.
Tecumsehs death at the Battle of the Thames
(1813) and British abandonment of their Shawnee
allies at the end of the War of 1812 brought an
end to organized Indian resistance in the Old
Northwest. SOURCE(a)The Field Museum,A93851c.(b)
Courtesy of the Library of Congress.
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Indian Resistance, 17901816 American westward
expansion put relentless pressure on the Indian
nations in the Trans-Appalachian South and West.
The Trans-Appalachian region was marked by
constant warfare from the time of the earliest
settlements in Kentucky in the 1780s to the War
of 1812.Tecumsehs Alliance in the Old Northwest
(180911) and the Creek Rebellion in the Old
Southwest (181314) were the culminating
struggles in Indian resistance to the American
invasion of the Trans-Appalachian region. Indian
resistance was a major reason for the War of 1812.
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Tecumseh and the Prophet

• Madisons congress filled with war hawks
• Tecumseh and brother The Prophet inspired tribes
  east of Mississippi to unity and cultural renewal
• War hawks thought British behind renewal and
  attacked Tecumsehs headquarters
• Battle of Tippecanoe
• Made Harrison a hero
• Drove Tecumseh into league with British
• Indian confederacy died with him

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This double portrait of two Sac Indians by John
Wesley Jarvis, painted in 1833, shows the growing
resistance to official American Indian policy.
The father, Black Hawk, wears European dress and
appears to have adapted to white ways, while the
son, Whirling Thunder, stubbornly wears
traditional garb. SOURCEJohn Wesley
Jarvis,Black Hawk and His Son, Whirling Thunder,
1833.Oil on canvas.23x 30. (60.3 x 76
cm.)Gilcrease Museum,Tulsa,Oklahoma.
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The War of 1812 On land, the War of 1812 was
fought to define the nations boundaries. In the
North, American armies attacked British forts in
the Great Lakes region with little success, and
the invasion of Canada was a failure. In the
South, the Battle of New Orleans made a national
hero of Andrew Jackson, but it occurred after the
peace treaty had been signed. On the sea, with
the exception of Oliver Perrys victory in the
Great Lakes, Britains dominance was so complete
and its blockade so effective that British troops
were able to invade the Chesapeake and burn the
capital of the United States.
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Mr. Madisons War

• By 1812 war with Britain believed to be
  inevitable and good test for U.S.
• British arming Indians, war hawks chanting---On
  to Canada, south eyeing Florida
• Congress declared war(1st timeout of five)
• Support in South and West
• N.E. was Federalist and sympathetic to Britain

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Most of the important battles of the War of 1812
were fought on the Canadian border, on water as
well as on land. This picture celebrates a rare
American naval triumph in the war, the victory of
Captain Oliver T. Perry over a British naval
squadron on Lake Erie in September 1813.
SOURCEBettman/CORBIS.
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On to Canada

• British weak in Canada so Americans thought to
  fight there firstpoor battle planAmericans
  fought off
• U.S. able to control great lakes
• By 1814 U.S. defending territory, not taking
  Canada--British capture D.C. and burn public
  buildings
• U.S. held Baltimore (Star spangled banner)

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Battle of New Orleans

• 1815 British try to remove U.S.
• Andrew Jackson in command
• U.S. wins and Jackson is national hero
• British respond with naval blockadecrippled
  economy and drained Treasury
• Treaty of Ghent 12/24/1814
• Armisticeno more fighting, no land won
• not one inch of territory ceded or lost

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Second American Revolution

• Political issues
• Disputes over Canadian boundary
• War hawks in Congress pushing for a fight
• Conflicts with Indians
• Impressment of US Sailors
• Treaty of Ghent provisions
• Not losing the same as a win!
• Economic issues
• Interference with US shipping
• Loyalists debts not paid
• New Roads and Canals
• Tariffs against England

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THE SECOND AMERICAN REVOLUTION?

• Resolved Canadian boundary issues
• New sense of pride, nationalism unity
• New international respect
• Sectional specialization occurred-N V. S and
  political divisiveness decreased
• Helped make economy better
• US could now ignore Europe and concentrate on our
  issues

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The Battle of New Orleans

• What wont country music write a song about???
• Play the Battle of New OrleansJohnny Horton

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Questions for Discussion

• How did Jeffersons Louisiana Purchase transform
  Americas understanding of itself and its future?
• Was it inevitable that the west would become part
  of a much greater United States?
• How does the period of 1800-1812 look if viewed
  through American Indian eyes? Could the attempt
  of Tecumseh and the Prophet to unite western
  Indians against American expansion have created a
  different dynamic in white-Indian relations?

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Western Land Sales Surges in western land sales
reflect surges in westward expansion. western
land sales following the War of 1812 reached an
unprecedented 3.5 million acres, but that was
small in comparison with what was to come in the
1830s and 1850s. Not all land sales reflected
actual settlement, however, and speculation in
western lands was rampant. Collapse of the
postwar speculative boom contributed to the Panic
of 1819, and the abrupt end to the boom of the
1830s led to the Panic of 1837. SOURCERobert
Riegel and Robert Athearn,American Mores West
(New YorkHolt Rinehart 1964)
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Spread of Settlement Westward Surge, 18001820
Within a period of twenty years, a quarter of the
nations population had moved west of the
Appalachian Mountains. The westward surge was a
dynamic source of American optimism.
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John Quincy Adamss Border Treaties John Quincy
Adams, secretary of state in the Monroe
administration (181725), solidified the nations
boundaries in several treaties with Britain and
Spain. The Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817 and the
Conventions of 1818 and 1824 settled the northern
boundary with Canada and the terms of a joint
occupancy of Oregon. The Adams-Onís Treaty of
1819 added Florida to the United States and
settled the disputed border between the American
Louisiana Territory and Spanish possessions in
the West.
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The Missouri Compromise Before the Missouri
Compromise of 1820, the Ohio River was the
dividing line between the free states of the Old
Northwest and the slaveholding states of the Old
Southwest. The compromise stipulated that
Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state
(balanced by Maine, a free state), but slavery
would be prohibited in the Louisiana Territory
north of 36 30(Missouris southern boundary).
This awkward compromise lasted until 1846, when
the Mexican-American War reopened the issue of
the expansion of slavery.
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This view shows Sitka, the center of Russian
activities in Alaska, in 1827. Russian
architectural styles and building techniques are
apparent in the Church of St. Michael the
Archangel in the right background, contrasting
with the Asian and Indian origins of most of
Sitkas inhabitants. SOURCEFrom an engraving by
Freidrich H.von Kittlitz,1827.Elmer E.Rosmusen
Library Rare Books,University of Alaska,Fairbanks.
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When John Caspar Wild painted this view of
Cincinnati in 1835, its location on the Ohio
River had already established it as center for
the trade in agricultural goods shipped down the
river to New Orleans, first by flatboat and later
by steamboat. (John Caspar Wild, View of
Cincinnati, 1835, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.)
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Built for speed, the narrow beamed, many-sailed
American clipper ships were the technological
marvel of their age. In 1854, the most famous
clipper ship, Flying Cloud, shown here, made the
voyage from New York to San Francisco in 89 days.
SOURCEMuseum of the City of New York/CORBIS.
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Settlement of the heavily forested Old Northwest
and Old Southwest required much heavy labor to
clear the land. One common laborsaving method
settlers learned from Indians was to girdle the
trees (cutting the bark all around), thereby
killing them. Dead trees could be more easily
chopped and burned. SOURCELibrary of Congress.
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This 1816 painting by Thomas Birch shows two
improvements that aided westward expansion the
lightweight but sturdy Conestoga wagon that made
it possible to carry heavy loads for long
distances, and the improved roadthe Pennsylvania
Turnpikebuilt by a private company that charged
tolls to cover its cost. SOURCEThomas
Birch,Conestoga Wagon on the Pennsylvania
Turnpike ,1816.Shelburne Musueum,Shelburne,VT).