The Muscular System

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Chapter 4

• The Muscular System

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Functions of the Muscular System

• hold the body erect
• make movements possible
• smooth muscle moves food through the digestive
  system
• moves fluids through ducts
• generates heat to keep the body warm
• moves blood through veins

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Combining Form for Muscle

• MY/o muscle
• Myoparesis
• (my-oh-PAR-eh-sis)
• MYO/0 muscle
• -paresis Partial or incomplete paralysis

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Structure of the Muscular System

• Muscle Fibers
• long, slender cells
• each muscle consists of a group of fibers held
  together by connective tissue
• enclosed in a fibrous sheath

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Combining Forms for Muscle Fibers

• FIBR/o Fibrous tissue
• Fibromyalgia
• FIBR/o Fibrous Tissue
• MY/o Muscle
• -algia Pain
• Pain of the muscles and fibrous tissue

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Combining Forms for Muscle Fibers

• FIBROS/o Fibrous Tissue
• Fibrosis
• FIBROS/o Fibrous Tissue
• -is noun ending
• Abnormal formation of fibrous tissue.

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Fascia (FASH-ee-ah)

• Sheet or band of
• fibrous connective tissue
• covers muscles
• supports muscles
• separates muscles

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Combining Forms for Fascia

• FASCI/o Fascia or Fibrous band
• Fasciotomy (fash-ee-OT-oh-me)
• FASCI/o Fascia
• -otomy cutting or surgical incision
• cutting or surgical incision of the fascia

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Tendons

• Narrow band of fibrous connective tissue
• attaches a muscle to bone
• dont confuse tendons and ligaments
• ligaments attach bone to bone

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Combining Forms for Tendons

• TEN/o
• TEND/o
• TENDIN/o

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TEN/o

• Tenolysis
• TEN/o tendon
• -lysis set free

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TEND/o

• Tendotomy
• TEND/o Tendon
• -otomy cutting or surgical repair
• Cutting or surgical repair of a tendon.

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TENDIN/o

• Tendinitis
• TENDIN/o Tendon
• -itis Inflammation
• Inflammation of the tendon.

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Aponeurosis (ap-oh-new-ROH-sis)

• Fibrous sheet or expanded tendon
• giving attachment to muscular fibers
• origin or insertion of a flat muscle

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Combining Form APONEUR/o

• Aponeurotome
• APONEUR/o Aponeurosis
• -tome instrument to cut
• Instrument to cut the aponeurosis.

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Types of Muscle Tissue

• 3 Types
• Skeletal Muscle (striated) (voluntary) attach to
  the bones makes motion possible
• Smooth Muscle(unstriated) (involuntary) moves
  internal organs
• Cardiac Muscle (myocardium) forms most of the
  wall of the heart.

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Kinesiology (kih-nee-see-OL-oh-jee)

• The study of muscular activity and the resulting
  movement of body parts.
• KINESI/o combining form
• -KINESIS or KINESIA suffix

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Kinesioneurosis

• Prefix
• None
• Combining Form
• KINESI/o movement
• NEUR/o nerve, nerve tissue
• Suffix
• -osis disease, an abnormal condition

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Hypokinesia

• Prefix
• none
• Combining Form
• HYP/o under, decreased, deficient, below
• Suffix
• -kinesia movement
• Decreased movement.

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Contraction and Relaxation

• Contraction tightening of a muscle, during which
  it becomes shorter and thicker.
• Relaxation muscle returns to its original form
  or shape.
• These contrasting action make motion possible.

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Muscle Tone

• Also know as Tonus
• normal state of balanced muscle tension
• present in the body when one is awake
• combining form
• TON/o tone, tension, or stretching

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Range of Motion

• ROM Range of Motion
• describes types of movements made possible by
  muscles.
• Page 76 Table 4.1
• Know contrasting muscle motions.

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How Muscles are Named

• Origin and Insertion
• Muscle Origin place where the muscle begins
  (originates)
• Muscle Insertion place where the muscle ends.
  (inserts)

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Example of Origin and Insertion

• Sternocleidomastoid helps flex the neck and
  rotate the head.
• Stern/o sternum, originates
• Cleid/o collar bone, originates
• mastoid/o mastoid process, inserts

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Stenocleidomastoid
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How Muscles Are Named

• Muscle named for action
• lifting
• flexing
• extending

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Flexor carpi radialisis and extensor carpi
radialisis
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How Muscle are Named

• Muscles named for location.
• location on the body
• or the organ they are near

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How Muscles are Named

• Named for fiber direction
• straight (rectus)
• oblique (slanted or angle)
• transverse (crosswise)
• sphincter (ring like)

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• ----------------rectus abdominus
• --------external oblque
• ---------internal obliques
• ----------transverse abdominus

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• -----------Pectoralis major
• -----------External oblique

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How Muscle or Named

• Muscles named for number of division forming
  them.
• Example
• Biceps Bi- means two
• triceps Tri- means three

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How Muscles are Named

• Muscles are named because they are shaped like a
  familiar object.
• Example
• Deltoid muscle (shoulder cap)
• shaped like an inverted triangle or the Greek
  letter delta.

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Deltoid
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How Muscles are Named

• Muscles are named because of their size.
• Gluteus maximus largest muscle of the buttock

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Pathology Fibers, Fascia, Tendons

• Fasciitis
• Tendinitis

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Pathology Muscles

• Adhesion
• Atrophy
• Myalgia
• Myolysis
• Polymyositis
• Myomalacia
• myosclerosis

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Pathology Hernias

• A protrusion of a part or structure through the
  tissues normally containing it.

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Pathology Muscle Tone

• Atonic
• Dystonic
• Hypertonic
• Hypotonic
• myotomic

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Pathology Voluntary Muscle Movement

• Ataxia
• Dystaxia
• Contracture
• Intermittent claudication
• Spasm (cramp)
• Spasmotic torticollis

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Pathology Muscle function

• Bradykinesia
• Dyskinesia
• Hyperkinesia (hyperactivity)
• Hypokinesis
• Tardive dyskinesia

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Pathology Myoclonus

• Myoclones
• Singultus
• Myasthemia
• Myasthemia gravis (MG)

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Pathology Muscular Dystrophy

• Muscular dystrophy (MD)
• Duchennes MD
• Beckers MD

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Pathology Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS)

• Chronic
• Wide spread aching pain
• Tender points
• Fatigue

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Pathology Repetitive Stress Disorders

• Repetitive motions
• Ergonomics
• Overuse injury

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Pathology Myofacial Damage

• Overworking muscles

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Pathology Rotator Cuff Injuries

• Rotator cuff tendinitis
• Impingement syndrome
• Calcium deposits
• Torn tendon

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Pathology

• Carpal tunnel
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Cervical radiculopathy
• Epicondylitis
• Lateral tennis elbow
• Medial golfers elbow
• Plantar fasciitis

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Pathology Sports injuries

• Sprain
• Strain
• Shin splint
• Hamstring injury
• Achilles tendinitis

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Pathology Paralysis

• Myoparesis
• Hemiparesis
• Paralysis
• Paraplegia
• Quadriplegia

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Diagnostic Procedures

• Deep tendon reflex (DTR)
• Electroneuromyography
• Range of motion

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Treatments Medications

• Anti-inflammatory
• Antispasmodic
• Atropine
• Muscle relaxant

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TreatmentsPhysical Therapy

• Physical Therapy (PT)
• Range of motion exercises (ROM)

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TreatmentsFacia

• Fascioplasty

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TreatmentsTendons

• Carpal tunnel release
• Tenectomy
• Tenonectomy
• Tenodesis
• Tenoplasty
• Tenorraphy

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TreatmentsMuscles

• Myectomy

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Things To Know!

• Page 80 Medical Specialties
• Page 80-85 Pathology of the Muscular System
• Page 85-86 Procedures of the Muscular System