Uses of the nominative and accusative cases:

1
Uses of the nominative and accusative cases
2
Adpositions governing the accusative
3
Accusative forms of the personal pronouns
4
Gender

• Usually, males are denoted by masculine nouns
  (e.g. nara- man', masc.) and females by feminine
  nouns (e.g. strã- woman', fem.) the gender
  assigned to nouns denoting sexless things has no
  clear semantic basis.
•  
• There are, however, some fairly reliable
  correlations between a noun's gender and the form
  of its stem. e.g. stems in a are generally
  masculine and neuter, while stems in long vowels
  are mostly feminine.

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Short-a stem declension asva- horse' (masc.)
6
Short-a stem declension dàna- gift' (neut.)
7
The ten classes of present-tense stems
8
Characteristics of the four thematic classes

• 1. The stem always ends in a.
• 2. The stem doesn't exhibit vowel- grade
  alternations.

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Characteristics of the four thematic classes

• 3. In an open syllable, the stem-final a
  lengthens before any ending beginning with m or
  v thus, there is no lengthening before -m in
  the 1st person singular imperfect active.

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Characteristics of the four thematic classes

• 4. The stem-final a is dropped before all
  endings beginning with e.
• 5. The 2nd person singular imperative active is
  simply the stem.

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Characteristics of the four thematic classes

• 6. The optative suffix is -ã- before consonants
  and -ãy- before vowels. By sandhi,
• a- -ã- ? e
• a- -ãy- ? ey .

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Stem formation in the thematic classes

• 1st class (bhå- class)
• stem root a-
• ?
• guõa, if possible

13
Stem formation in the thematic classes

• 6th class (tud- class)
• stem root a-
• ?
• zero grade

14
Stem formation in the thematic classes

• 4th class (div- class)
• stem root ya-
• ?
• unchanged

15
Stem formation in the thematic classes
16
Irregularities in stem formation in the thematic
classes
17
Irregularities in stem formation in the thematic
classes
18
Irregularities in stem formation in the thematic
classes
19
Irregularities in stem formation in the thematic
classes
20
Irregularities in stem formation in the thematic
classes
21
Irregularities in stem formation in the thematic
classes
22
Active inflectional endings for thematic verbs
(conjugations 1, 4, 6, 10) in the present system
23
Active inflectional endings for thematic verbs
(conjugations 1, 4, 6, 10) in the present system
24
Active inflectional endings for thematic verbs
(conjugations 1, 4, 6, 10) in the present system