Theme: Noun. Cases ?f Nouns

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LECTURE 4

• Theme Noun. Cases ?f Nouns

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PLAN

• 1. Cases Of Nouns.
• 2. Declension of Nouns.

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NOUN

• Noun is a part of speech which means a living
  creature, a thing, or an abstract idea.

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Declension

• In Ukrainian nouns decline.
• Declension is a change in the ending of a noun
  to denote its function in the sentence.
• The endings a noun can acquire depending on its
  function in the sentence are called cases.
• There are 7 cases in Ukrainian.

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Declension

• The Nominative case of a noun is its base form,
  so the gender of a noun is determined in this
  case. The Nominative case endings have been given
  above when dealing with the gender of nouns.

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The Nominative case of a noun is its base form, so the gender of a noun is determined in this case. The Nominative case endings have been given when dealing with the gender of nouns.

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The use of the Nominative case

• A noun in the Nominative case is used in the
  sentence as the subject ????? (Nom.) - ???
  ???????. (Maria is my friend.)
• A noun in the Nominative case is used in the
  sentence as a complement after the linking verb
  "?" (is), which is most often omitted in
  Ukrainian ????? - ??? ??????? (Nom.). (Maria is
  my friend.)

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• Case Examples
  Translation
• in Ukrainian
• Nominative ?????? sister
• Comments
• This is the case of the subject in a sentence and
  the form in which nouns are listed in the
  dictionary.

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Case Examples
Translation in Ukrainian

• Genitive ? ???? ???? ??????.
  I have no sister. ?
  ??????? ??? ??????. I came
  without (my) sister
• Comments
• You should learn the "? ???? ????" (I don't
  have...) combination as a whole since it has a
  different structure (not a word by word
  translation by far). The genitive case is often
  used with negative verbs.

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Case Examples
Translation in Ukrainian

• Dative ? ????????? ??????. I'm calling
  (my) sister.

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Case Examples
in
Ukrainian

• Accusative ? ???????? ?????? ??
  ???????.
  ? ????? ??????.
  ? ??????? ?? ??????.
• Translation
  I'll meet (my) sister at the train
  station. I'm looking for (my)
  sister. I'm looking at (my) sister.
• Comments
• This case is used with (3rd example here) and
  without (1st 2nd examples) prepositions.

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Case Examples
in
Ukrainian

• Instrumental ? ?????????? ???????.
  ? ?????? ?? ???????.
• Translation I
  admire (my) sister.I will come with (my) sister.
• Comments
• This case often indicates the means of doing
  something, e.g., ? ??? ??????? - I'm going by
  train - the masculine noun "train" is in the
  instrumental case. It is also used with some
  prepositions (example 2).

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Case Examples
in
Ukrainian

• Prepositional ?? ?????? ??????? ?????.
• Translation My
  sister is wearing a beautiful dress. (literally
  There's a beautiful dress on (my) sister.)
• Comments
• Used only with prepositions. Also called
  "locative," this case often describes a place in
  its broadest sence location, destination, etc.

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Case Examples
in
Ukrainian

• Vocative ??????!
  
• Translation
• Sister!
• Comments
• Used to address people.

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The Vocative case (Voc.)

• The use of the Vocative case
• The Vocative case is used to address
• living beings ?????, ?? ??? (Maria, where are
  you?)
• personified things ??????? (Voc), ??? ?????
  (Voc)! (Ukraine, my land!)

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Declensions

• In Ukrainian, there are 4 declension types. The
  first declension is used for most feminine nouns.
  The second declension is used for most masculine
  and neuter nouns. The third declension is used
  for feminine nouns ending in ? or a post-alveolar
  sibilant. The fourth declension is used for
  neuter nouns ending in ?/? (Common Slavic e).

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• Most of the types consist of 3 different
  subgroups hard, mixed, and soft. The soft
  subgroup consists of nouns whose roots end in a
  soft letter (followed by iotified vowel or soft
  vowel). The mixed subgroup consists of the nouns
  whose roots end in a post-alveolar sibilant or
  occasionally r. The hard group consists of all
  other nouns.
• If the hard group endings are taken as the basis,
  then the following rules can be used to derived
  the corresponding mixed and soft endings

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• Mixed subgroup
• All o following a post-alveolar sibilant change
  to e.
• All y following a post-alveolar sibilant change
  to i.
• Soft subgroup Whenever a soft sign or the
  semi-vowel encounters the vowel of the ending,
  the following changes occur (These are mainly
  orthographic changes)

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First declension

• This declension consists of nouns which end in ?
  or ?. It consists primarily of feminine nouns,
  but a few nouns with these ending referring to
  professions can be either masculine or feminine.

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Second declension

• The second declension consists of masculine and
  neuter nouns.
• Masculine Nouns This group consists primarily of
  nouns, which end in a consonant, a soft sign, ?,
  or ?. It should be noted that in the masculine
  declension, nouns, which end in ? can belong to
  any of the three declension subgroups hard,
  mixed, and soft

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• Neuter Nouns In this category belong neuter nouns
  ending in ?, ?, and those substantives ending in
  ?, preceded by either a double consonant,
  apostrophe, or two consonants, which primarily
  are derived from verbs.

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Third declension

• This declension consists solely of feminine nouns
  that end in a consonant. This declension has only
  2 subgroups a mixed and soft group.

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Fourth declension

• This declension consists of solely neuter nouns
  that are derived from Common Slavic e. There are
  two subgroups those with an ? insert, and those
  with a ? insert.

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• ????? ?? ?????!