Middle East Conf

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MIDEAST CONFLICT
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BACKGR TO CONFLICT
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• In late 1800's, oppression of Jews in Eastern
  Europe catalyzed emigration of Jews to Palestine
• In 1897 the Zionist movement became a formal org
• First Zionist congress in Basle (Italy) org by
  Theodore Herzl

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• The Zionists wished to estb a "Jewish Homeland"
  in Palestine under Turkish or German rule. They
  were not concerned about the Arab population,
  which they ignored, or thought would agree to
  voluntary transfer to other Arab ctys
• They envisioned the population of Palestine by
  millions of European Jews to form a decisive
  majority

5

• Estb farm communities
• Later estb the new city
• By 1914 - Population of Palestine
• Total 700,000
• Arabs 615,000 
• Jews 85,000- 100,000

Tel Aviv
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WORLD WAR - I

• During World War I (1914-1918), the Ottoman
  Empire joined Germany and Austria-Hungary against
  the Allies
• The war was hard on both Jews and Arabs, owing to
  outbreaks of cholera and typhus

7

• Turkish mil governor ordered internment and
  deportation of all foreign nationals
• Large no of Jews were Russian Nationals. They
  had been able to enter Palestine because of the
  concessions Turkey had gtd to Russians
• The method was used to overcome restrictions on
  immigration
• They also maint Russian citizenship to avoid
  being drafted into the Turkish army

8

• Britain and France planned to divide the Ottoman
  holdings in the Middle East among themselves
  after the war
• The Sykes Picot Agreement of 1916 called for
  part of Palestine to be under British rule and
  part to be placed under a jt Allied government
• Syria and Lebanon were to be given to France
• Britain also offered to back Arab demands for
  postwar indep from the Ottomans in return for
  Arab sp for the Allies

9

• In 1916, Arabs led by T.E. Lawrence revolted
  against the Ottomans in the belief that Britain
  would help them estb indep Arab state in Middle
  East
• The Arabs later claimed that Palestine was incl
  in the area promised to them, but the British
  denied this
• In Nov 1917, Britain issued the Balfour
  Declaration

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Balfour Declaration

• The declaration stated Britain's sp for the
  creation of a Jewish national home in Palestine,
  without violating the civil and religious rts of
  the existing non-Jewish communities
• This was the result of lobbying by the small
  British Zionist mov, especially by Dr. Haim
  Weizmann, who had emigrated from Russia to
  Britain

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• After the war . The British were anxious to keep
  Palestine away from the French, and decided to
  ask for a mandate that would implement the Jewish
  national home in line with Balfour Declaration
• The Arabs opposed the idea of a Jewish national
  home

12

• In 1919 David Ben Gurion, who lead the Yishuv
  (Jewish community in Palestine) and was the first
  Prime Minister of Israel, told a meeting of the
  governing body   "But not everybody sees that
  there is no solution to this question...We as a
  nation, want this cty to be ours, the Arabs as a
  nation, want this cty to be theirs."

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KING CRANE COMMISSION

• Arabs lobbied the American King Crane Commission,
  in favor of annexation of the Palestine mandate
  area to Syria
• At the instigation of US President Wilson, the
  King Crane commission was dispatched to hear the
  views of the inhabitants

14

• Commissions reported opinion about the Jews was,
  "Their history and their past proves
  that it is impossible to live with them. In all
  the ctrys where they are at present, they are not
  wanted...because they always arrive to suck the
  blood of everybody..."

15

• Jews presented their case at Paris Peace Conf
  held in 1919 for formulating treaty to end
  WW I (Versailles)
• British plan was adopted
• Main issues taken into acct were div of rts
  between Britain and France, rather than the views
  of the inhabitants

16

• In 1920, Britain received a provisional mandate
  over Palestine, which would extend west and east
  of the River Jordan. The area of the mandate
  given to Britain at the San Remo (Switzerland)

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• The mandate based on the Balfour declaration, was
  formalized in 1922
• British declared the bdry of Palestine to the
  west of Jordon river

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• Area east of the river, called Transjordan (now
  Jordan), was made a separate British mandate and
  eventually given indep
• The Jewish Agency for Palestine was created
  in1929

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ARAB RIOTS AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION

• In 1929, Arab nationalists opposed the Balfour
  declaration
• Jewish immigration swelled in the 1930s
• In 1936 widespread rioting, later known as the
  Arab Revolt broke out

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• The riots occurred against the backgr of
  Jewish-Arab nationalist antagonism
• Hundreds of Arabs and Jews were killed in the
  revolt

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• The Peel and Woodhead commissions of 1937 and
  1938 recommended partitioning Palestine into a
  small Jewish state and a large Arab one
• British began limiting immigration and the 1939
  White Paper permitted 15,000 Jews to enter
  Palestine each yr for five yrs. Thereafter,
  immigration would be subj to Arab approval

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THE HOLOCAUST

• During World War II (1939-1945) Palestinian Arabs
  and Jews joined the Allies
• Germans murdered about six million Jews in the
  Holocaust
• Jews were desperate to shift remaining Jews from
  Europe, to Palestine

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PALESTINIAN AND JEWISH LAND 1946
HAIFA
TEL AVIV
JEWISH LAND
RAMMALAH
JEFFA
JERUSALEM
MEDITERRANEAN SEA
GAZA
BETELEHM
PALESTINIAN LAND
PALESTINE
DEAD SEA
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The United Nations Spec Commission on Palestine
(UNSCOP)

• Recommended that Palestine be divided into an
  Arab state and a Jewish state
• UN General Assembly adopted plan on 29 Nov 1947
  RESOLUTION GA 181

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• UN recommended that Palestine be divided into an
  Arab state and a Jewish state.
• The commission called for Jerusalem to be put
  under intl admn plan adopted on 29 Nov 1947 UN 
  Resolution - GA 181

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PALESTINIAN AND JEWISH LAND 1947UN PARTITION
PLAN
JEWISH LAND
MEDITERRANEAN SEA
PALESTINE
PALESTINIAN LAND
PALESTINIAN LAND
DEAD SEA
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IMPLICATIONS /REACTIONS

• The Jews accepted the UN decision, but the Arabs
  rejected
• The resolution divided the land into two approx
  equal portions
• There were about 600,000 Jews in Palestine,
  almost all living in the areas altd to the Jewish
  state or in the internationalized zone of
  Jerusalem
• About 1.2 million Arabs

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• About 100,000 Jews residing in Jerusalem and the
  surroundings, were geo cut off from the rest of
  the state
• By a "corridor," altd to the Palestinian state

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• It soon became evident that the scheme would not
  work. Mutual antagonism would make it impossible
  for either community to tolerate the other
• The Arab League declared a war to rid Palestine
  of the Jews

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• In fact the Arab ctys each had separate agendas
• King Abdullah of Jordan, had an informal and
  secret agreement with Israel to anx the portions
  of Palestine in the West Bank, and prevent fmn of
  a Palestinian state
• Syria wanted to anx the northern part of
  Palestine

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• In Jerusalem riots broke out on 30 Nov and 1 Dec
  1947
• In Mar / Apr 1948 Arabs (notably from Haifa)
  began leaving their towns and villages to escape
  the fighting

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• In Jerusalem riots broke out on 30 Nov and 1 Dec
  1947
• In Mar / Apr 1948 Arabs (notably from Haifa)
  began leaving their towns and villages to escape
  the fighting
• The British did little to stop the fighting, but
  the scale of hostilities was ltd by lack of arms
  and trained soldiers on both sides

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The War of Indep - 1948

• On 14 May 1948, the Jews proclaimed the indep of
  Israeli state under Ist PM David Ben Gurian
• The British withdrew from Palestine
• In the fol days and weeks, neighboring Arab
  nations invaded Palestine and Israel

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• The fighting was conducted in several brief
  periods, punctuated by cease fire agreements
  declared b/w 11 Jun - 8 Jul and 19 Jul -15 Oct
  1948
• Jerusalem was to be internationalized in line
  with UN GEN ASSY RESOLUTION 181 and
  303

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• Despite initial setbacks, better org and int.
  Timely clandestine arms shipments enabled the
  Jews to gain a decisive victory
• The under gr armies of the Haganah, Palmah,
  Irgun and Lehi were amalgamated into a single
  national fighting force, The Israel Defense Force
  (IDF)

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• Israelis built a "Burma Road' that was completed
  in June 1948 and broke the siege of Jerusalem
• A cease fire in June gave all sides time to regp
  and re-org
• Israelis took adv, re-org, recruited and trained
  soldiers
• The Palestinians and Arabs did not
• A large shipment of arms intended for the
  Palestinians was blocked by IDF and never
  reached its destination

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• The Arabs and Palestinians lost their initial adv
• They failed to org and unite
• When the fighting ended in 1949, Israel held
  territories beyond the bdrys set by the UN plan -
  A total of 78 of the area west of the Jordan
  river

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PALESTINIAN AND JEWISH LAND 1948- 1967
MEDITERRANEAN SEA
GAZA
WEST BANK
DEAD SEA
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PALESTINIAN AND JEWISH LAND 1946
HAIFA
TEL AVIV
JEWISH LAND
RAMMALAH
JEFFA
JERUSALEM
MEDITERRANEAN SEA
GAZA
BETELEHM
PALESTINIAN LAND
PALESTINE
DEAD SEA
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AFTER EFFS

• About 726,000 Arabs became refugees in
  neighboring Arab ctys
• The Arab ctys refused to sign a perm peace
  treaty with Israel
• Consequently, the borders of Israel estb by the
  armistice commission never received de jure
  (legal) intl recognition

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• The UN arranged a series of cease-fires between
  the Arabs and the Jews in 1948 and 1949
• GA-194 called for cessation of hostilities and
  return of refugees

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• Security Council Resolution 62 called for
  implementation of armistice agreements that would
  lead to a permanent peace. The borders of Israel
  were estb along the "green line" of the armistice
  agreements - 1949

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LATER DEVS

• The IDF was equipped with sur 2nd hand arms
• The Arab ctys, especially Syria and Egypt, began
  receiving large qtys of Soviet mil hardware
• The Arab League instituted an eco boycott against
  Israel that was partly honored by most of the
  industrial nations and cont in force until the
  1990s

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The Sinai Campaign

• King Farouk of Egypt was overthrown by Naguib and
  Nasser, Egypt made some moves toward peace with
  Israel
• In 1954, Israeli spy ring was caught trying to
  blow up US Info agency and other foreign
  institutions in Egypt

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• Egypt became suspicious of Israeli intentions and
  began negotiating to purchase large qtys of arms
• Egyptian President Gamal Nasser also closed the
  straits of Tiran and Suez Canal to Israeli
  shipping

SUEZ CANAL
STRAITS OF TIRAN
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• Israeli strategists believed that Egypt will go
  to war or force a diplomatic showdown as soon the
  wpns were procured
• Israel concluded arms deal with France
• A series of border incursions by Palestinians and
  by Egyptians from Gaza evoked increasingly severe
  Israeli reprisals

48

• In the summer of 1956, Israel, France and Britain
  planned to reverse the nationalization of Suez
  canal
• Israel would invade the Sinai, and land
  paratroopers near the Mitla pass
• Britain and France would issue an ultimatum and
  then land tps

SUEZ
MITLA
49

• The plan was exec on 29 Oct 1956
• Israel swiftly conquered Sinai
• The US was furious at Israel, Britain and France
• UN GA Resolution 997 called for imed wdr
• Israeli tps remained in Sinai for months

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• Israel subsequently withdrew under pressure from
  the UN and US
• Israel obtained guarantees that intl waterways
  would remain open
• UN force was stationed in Sinai

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The Six Day War - 1967
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• Israel began to implement its National Water
  Carrier plan, which pumped water from the Sea of
  Galilee to irrigate southern and central Israel
• The project was in accordance with plan
  proposed by US envoy Eric Johnston in 1955, and
  agreed to by Arab engrs

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CREATION OF PLO

• Arab ldrs decided to estb the PLO in 1964
• Declared their resolve to destroy Israel

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• Decided to divert the sources of the Jordan river
  that fed the Sea of Galilee to prevent Israel
  from implementing the water carrier plan
• The Syrians and Lebanese began to implement the
  diversions. Israel responded by firing on the
  tractors and eqpt working in Syria

Jordon R
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SUBSEQUENT DEVS
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• Syrians responded by firing in the DMZs
  (Demilitarized Zone)
• Israel reacted
• Syria began shelling Israeli towns in the north,
  and the conflict escalated into air strikes

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• The USSR was to protect the new Ba'athist
  pro-Soviet govt of Syria, represented, to Syrians
  and Egyptians that Israel was preparing to attk
  Syria
• As tension rose, Syria appealed to Egypt,
  believing the info of the USSR to be true that
  Israel was massing tps on the Syrian border
• The claim was false and was denied by the UN

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• in Mid-May 1967, Egyptian President Gamal Nasser
  again closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli
  ships
• Dismissed the UN peace force from the Sinai
  Peninsula
• The USA failed to live up to its guarantees of
  freedom of the waterways to Israel
• Arab capitals issued hy statements

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• On 27 May Nasser said "Our basic obj will be the
  destruction of Israel. The Arab people want to
  fight."
• The next day   he added "We will not accept
  any...coexistence with Israel...Today the issue
  is not the estb peace between the Arab states and
  Israel....The war with Israel is in effect since
  1948."

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• On 30 May, Jordan signed a def pact with Egypt
• King Hussein stated "The armies of Egypt,
  Jordan, Syria and Lebanon are poised on the
  borders of Israel...to face the challenge, while
  standing behind us are the armies of Iraq,
  Algeria, Kuwait, Sudan and the whole Arab nation
   
• On 4th Jun, Iraq joined a mil alliance with Egypt
  and cmtd itself to war

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Israel did not want war. PM Ben Gurion berated
COS Itzhak Rabin for making aggressive moves that
had, according to him, escalated the conflict and
put Israel in trouble
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• US President Johnson promised an intl flotilla,
  and warned Israel not to attk on its own
• Israel attk the Egyptians beginning on 5th Jun
  1967
• In the initial hrs of the war, Israel destroyed
  over 400 en ac to achieve total air superiority
• Israeli tps quickly conquered the Sinai Peninsula
  and Gaza

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• After rptd wngs to King Hussein to cease fire,
  Israel conquered the West Bank and Jerusalem
• After dealing with Egypt, Israel decided to
  conquer the Golan heights
• Israel agreed to a cease fire on 11 Jun
  1967
• UN Resolution 242 called for negotiations for
  perm peace between the parties
• Israel to wdr from lands occupied in 1967

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Area captured during six days war
Golan Hts
West Bank
Gaza
Sinai
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• After the war, Ahmad Shukairy, who headed the
  PLO, was replaced by Yasser Arafat
• PLO  was recognized by all the Arab states as the
  representative of the Palestinians
• Israel strongly opposed the PLO

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THE WAR OF ATTRITION

• Egyptian president Nasser launched the war of
  attrition on the Suez canal, breaking the cease
  fire
• The sides fought to a standstill in increasingly
  bloody exchanges that included participation by
  Soviet pilots on the Egyptian side
• Under US pressure, a second cease fire was signed
  in Aug 1970

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• Both sides officially accepted UN Resolution 242
• Nasser died shortly and was replaced by Anwar
  Sadat
• Sadat tried repeatedly to interest Israel in
  partial peace deals in return for partial Israeli
  wdr
• Nothing came of these peace efforts, partly owing
  to the stubborn attitude of Israeli PM Golda Meir

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THE OCT (YOM KIPPUR WAR)

• In Oct 1973, Egypt and Syria launched another war
  against Israel, on the holiest day of Yom
  Kippur in the Jewish religious calendar
• The Israeli government had ignored repeated int
  wngs
• They were convinced that Israeli arms were a
  sufficient deterrent

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• Sadat had twice announced his intention to go to
  war, but nothing had happened. When the int
  reports were finally believed, on the morning of
  the attk, PM Meir and Def Minister Dayan decided
  not to mob res
• The Israelis were caught by surprise in more ways
  than one
• After suffering hy losses, Israel re-conquered
  the Golan

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PEACE WITH EGYPT

• Shuttle diplomacy by US Secretary of State Henry
  Kissinger resulted in partial Israeli wdr from
  the Sinai Peninsula
• In 1978 Egypt led by Anwar Sadat, and Israel led
  by Menahem Beigin signed the Camp David framework
  agreements ldg to a Peace Treaty in 1979
• Israel withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula in 1982

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PALESTINIAN AND JEWISH LAND PRIOR TO OSLO
MEDITERRANEAN SEA
GAZA
WEST BANK
JEWISH SETTLEMENTS
DEAD SEA
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THE FIRST INTIFADA AND START OF THE OSLO PROCESS

• On 9 Dec 1987, a revolt called the Intifadeh
  (Uprising) began in the Gaza Strip and the West
  Bank
• In early 90s US pressure, break up of the USSR,
  Gulf war and favorable intl opinion made it
  possible to convene negotiations towards
  settlement of the Palestinian problem

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• On 13 Sep 1993 Arafat and PM Yitzhak Rabin shook
  hands at White House marking the Oslo I
• Palestinians were gtd 22 of occupied land as
  Land For Peace
• Israel and Jordan signed a peace treaty in 1994
• On 28 Sep 1995 Oslo II was signed mainly
  encompassing water rts in West Bank

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• Israelis failed to honour part of this agreement
  and shut off water sup during summers
• The peace process with the Palestinians led to
  the wdr of Israeli tps from some cities and towns
  of Gaza Strip and West Bank by early 1996

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• As the Israelis withdrew, Palestinians took con
  of the areas
• The area con by the Palestine National Authority
  amounted to about 8 of the land
• PM Benjamin Netanyahu in 1996 derailed the peace
  process by lifting ban on Jewish settlements

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CAMP DAVID - 2000

• US President Clinton hosted a peace process
• Palestinians were offered 91 of original 22
• Yaser Arafat rejected for obvious reasons

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THE SECOND INTIFADA

• By Jul 2000, negotiations for a final settlement
  ended in a deadlock
• Palestinians insisted that refugees should have
  the rt to return
• Israel insisted on annexing key portions of the
  Palestinian areas and on leaving most settlements
  intact, and offered only a ltd form of
  Palestinian statehood

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• On 28 Sep 2000 Ariel Sharon (then in oppn)
  visited to the temple mount in Jerusalem which is
  also the site of the Al-Aqsa mosque
• It marked the commencement of 2 nd Intifada
• Sep 11 incidents had dir repercussions for the
  Israel-Palestine conflict
• Americans began to view terrorist actions in a
  new lt, as orgs like Hamas and Hizbullah were
  linked with the Al-Qaeda

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• A boatload of illegal arms was intercepted by
  Israel on 3rd Jan 02, the day US envoy Anthony
  Zinni arrived to discuss settlement
• Against this backgr the US and EU give Israel
  wider latitude for actions against the
  Palestinians

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• Israel made inc incursions in Palestinian areas,
  and confined Chairman Arafat to his compound in
  Ramalah

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JEWISH SETTLEMENTS

• Settlement expansion became official Israeli
  policy since 1977 and cont during the Oslo
  accords
• As of 2003, about 220,000  Israelis had settled
  in areas of the West Bank and Gaza
• An addl 200,000 were settled in areas of
  Jerusalem and areas occupied in 1967
• About 15,000 Jews were settled in the Golan
  heights taken from Syria

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• Aim of estb was to rfn "facts on gr" basing on
  settlements to facilitate future border
  negotiations
• Conviction grew from the historical experience,
  that the UN Partition plan of 1947 had awarded
  Israel territories on the basis of those areas
  that had large concs of Jews

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• Palestinian Autonomous Area A

• Palestinian Autonomous Area B

• Israeli Civ Security Con Area C

Settlements 1996 Feb 2001
Settlements 1996 Feb 2001
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PROPOSED ISRAELI SECURITY FENCE

• The green line was the border of Israel as estb
  by the 1949 armistice agreements, before Israel
  conquered the West Bank and Gaza in the 1967 six
  day war

85

• large city, Ariel, was built deep in Palestinian
  territory and the trans-Samaria highway was
  created to connect it with Israel

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• In May 2002, as the frequency of suicide attks
  inc the Israeli govt decided to begin bldg a
  partial fence along the green line borders with
  the West Bank
• The first phase of the fence, begun on 16 Jun
  2002
• The  length of the entire fence is around 115
  kms, and it will cost around 1 million per km

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Green Line
The Wall
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SAUDI PEACE PROPOSAL

• Crown Prince Abdullah made a dramatic proposal to
  end the long Arab war against Israel on 27 28
  Mar 02 at Arab Summit in Beirut

89

• The proposal was modified to be more specific
  about refugee issues and was eventually
  incorporated in the Quartet roadmap plan
• On 12 Mar 2002  the UN Security Council passed
  Resolution 1397 calling to stop the violence
  mentioning the peace plan of Saudi Crown Prince
  Abdullah, and for the first time calling for
  creation of a Palestinian State alongside Israel

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THE RD MAP

• US President Bush speech of 24
  Jun 2002
• Welcomed by Quartet (USA, Russia, EU and UN)
• On 30 Apr 2003 Ari Fleischer White House
  spokesman disclosed the Rd Map as a Performance
  Based Goal Driven Settlement By 2005

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• Under the auspices of the Quartet. The
  destination was a final and comprehensive
  settlement of the Israel-Palestinian conflict by
  2005
• A two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian
  conflict could only be achieved through an end to
  violence and terrorism

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• The settlement aimed at resolving the
  Israel-Palestinian conflict, and end the
  occupation that began in 1967
• Foundations were the principle of land for peace,
  UNSCRs, agreements previously reached by the
  parties, and the initiative of Saudi Crown Prince
  Abdullah endorsed by the Beirut Arab League
  Summit calling for acceptance of Israel as a
  neighbor living in peace and security, in the
  context of a comprehensive settlement

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• PHASE I Ending Terror And Violence, Normalizing
  Palestinian Life, and Bldg Palestinian
  Institutions
• Present to May 2003

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PHASE - I

• Palestinian ldrship issued unequivocal statement
  reiterating Israels right to exist in peace and
  security and calling for an imed and
  unconditional ceasefire to end armed activity and
  all acts of violence against Israelis
• All official Palestinian institutions end
  incitement against Israel.

95
PHASE I

• Israeli ldrship issued unequivocal statement
  affirming its cmt to the two-state vision of an
  indep, viable, sovereign Palestinian state living
  in peace and security alongside Israel and
  calling for an imd end to violence against
  Palestinians everywhere
• All official Israeli institutions end incitement
  against Palestinians

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What All Was To Happen

• Palestine to end violence dismantle extremist gps
• Action to produce draft constitution for
  Palestinian statehood
• Constitutional committee to circulate draft
  Palestinian constitution, based on strong
  parliamentary democracy and cabinet with
  empowered PM

97

• Appt of interim PM or cabinet with empowered exec
  auth / decision-making body
• Mahmud Abbas (Abu Mazen) appt as PM
• Free, open, and fair elections to be held

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PHASE II TRANSITION JUN- DEC 2003

• Creation of an indep Palestinian state with
  provisional borders and attributes of
  sovereignty, based on the new constitution
• Phase II starts after Palestinian elections and
  ends with possible creation of an indep
  Palestinian state with provisional borders in
  2003

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• continued normalization of Palestinian life and
  institution-bldg as per the goals outlined in
  Phase I
• International Conf
• Convened by the Quartet, in cnslt with the
  parties, imed after the successful concl of
  Palestinian elections, to sp Palestinian eco rec
  and launch a process, leading to estb of an indep
  Palestinian state with provisional borders

100

• Quartet members to promote intl recognition of
  Palestinian state, incl possible UN membership

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Phase III Permanent Status Agreement and End of
the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict 2004 2005
102

• Progress into Phase III, based on consensus
  judgment of Quartet, and taking into acct actions
  of both parties and Quartet monitoring
• Objs were consolidation of reforms and
  stabilization of Palestinian institutions,
  sustained, eff Palestinian security performance,
  and Israeli-Palestinian negotiations aimed at a
  perm status agreement in 2005

103
RECENT EVENTS

• On 20 Mar 2003 coalition forces invaded Iraq to
  remove the regime of Saddam Hussein
• US forces entered Baghdad on 9 Apr and President
  Bush declared maj ops over on 1 May 2003
• The war produced an upheaval in the Middle East

104

• US released an updated Rd Map (RM) on 30 Apr
  2003 imed after the election of PM Mahmud Abbas
  also known as Abu Mazen
• At a summit held on 4 Jun 2003 at Aqaba (Jordon),
  Israeli PM Sharon and Palestinian PM Mahmoud
  Abbas (Abu Mazen) pledged to fulfill the
  conditions of the RM and shook hands in the
  presence of US President George Bush.  Abu Mazen
  called for an end to violence

105

• On the evening of 10 Sep 2003 twin suicide
  bombings took place in Jerusalem and outside the
  Tzrifin Army base near Rishon Le Zion claimed a
  total of 15 lives
• On 4 Oct 2003, a pd of quiet was broken by a
  suicide bomber in a restaurant at Haifa

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Ahmed Qurei appt as Palestinian PM designate in
Sep 2003 and the PA condemned the bombing

• In retaliation, Israel invaded Gaza as well as
  Jenin, and on 5 Oct they struck at a base in
  Syria that Israel claimed was trg Palestinian
  terror gps
• This was the first Israeli attk on Syrian
  territory since the Yom Kippur war of 1973

107

• On 12 Nov 2003 after a long period of
  negotiations, Palestinian PM Ahmed Qurei formed a
  perm govt and moves began to institute a cease
  fire and renew negotiations with the Israelis

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