Lesson 18.1: Rebuilding the Union

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Lesson 18.1 Rebuilding the Union

• Today we will
• describe why Reconstruction was needed, and . . .
• detail the presidential plans for Reconstruction.

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Vocabulary

• Reconstruction process the federal government
  used to readmit the Confederate states to the
  Union
• freedmen former slaves who are now free
• pardon legal forgiveness for a crime

3
Check for Understanding

• What are we going to do today?
• What was supposed to be rebuilt during
  Reconstruction?
• Who receives a pardon?
• What is a freedman?

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What We Already Know

• At Lincolns urging, Congress had adopted the
  Thirteenth Amendment, banning slavery in every
  state.

5
What We Already Know

• Lincolns Second Inaugural Address called for
  malice toward none, with charity for all,
  in hopes that Northerners would resist the
  desire to punish the South.

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What We Already Know

• Lincolns assassination ended all hope of an easy
  return of the seceded states to the Union.

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Reconstruction Begins

• The issue in 1865 building a new Southern
  society not based on slavery
• The process of readmitting the Confed-erate
  states is known as Reconstruction.
• Reconstruction lasted from 1865 to 1877.

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Lincolns Ten Percent Plan

• Pardon for Confederate officials
• Once 10 of a states voters in the 1860 election
  took a pledge of loyalty to the Union, that state
  could hold elections and send representatives to
  Congress.
• To assist former slaves, the president
  established the Freedmens Bureau.

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The Freedmens Bureau Established

• Set up schools and hospitals for African
  Americans
• Distributed clothes, food, and fuel throughout
  the South.

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Get your whiteboards and markers ready!
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Why was Lincolns Reconstruction plan called the
ten-percent plan?
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Why was Lincolns Reconstruction plan called the
ten-percent plan?

1. It allowed a state to return to the Union if ten
   percent of its citizens took an oath of loyalty
   to the United States.
2. Only ten percent of the population supported it.
3. It required ten percent of Southern states to
   guarantee civil rights for blacks.
4. It required the Confederacy to repay only ten
   percent of its debts to Northern citizens.

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How did the Freedmens Bureau help former slaves?
Choose all that are true!
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How did the Freedmens Bureau help former slaves?

1. It arranged for each Negro family to be given a
   mule and 40 acres of land.
2. It set up schools and hospitals for former
   slaves.
3. It gave clothes, food, and fuel to former slaves.
4. It protected former from scalawags and
   carpetbaggers.
5. It helped blacks register to vote.

Choose all that are true!
15
Andrew Johnson succeeded Lincoln as president.

• Andrew Johnson was a Tennessee Democrat who hated
  secession, a former slaveholder, and a stubborn,
  unyielding man.
• Reconstruction was the job of the president, not
  Congress.

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Johnsons Plan

• Although he was not concerned about what happened
  to the freedmen, Johnson based his plan on
  Lincolns.
• New state governments must ratify the
  Thirteenth Amendment and must recognize the
  supreme power of the federal government over the
  states.

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Johnsons Plan

• Johnson offered amnesty to most white Southerners
  if they pledged loyalty to the United States.
• Large plantation owners, top military officers,
  and ex-Confederate leaders had to apply for
  amnesty to Johnson personally.

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Get your whiteboards and markers ready!
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Which of the following was NOT part of Johnson's
Reconstruction plan?
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Which of the following was NOT part of Johnson's
Reconstruction plan?

1. Confederate states had to give up slavery.
2. Plantation owners had to give part of their land
   to former slaves.
3. Confederate states had to accept the supreme
   power of the federal government.
4. Influential white Southerners had to pledge
   loyalty and personally ask Johnson for pardon.

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Lesson 18.1b Rebuilding the Union

• Today we will identify the goals of Radical
  Republicans and what they did to bring about
  Reconstruction.

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Vocabulary

• radical someone with extreme views or opinions
• civil rights rights granted to all citizens
• constitution written plan of government

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Check for Understanding

• What are we going to do today?
• What does it mean to be radical?
• Why should governments be based on constitutions?

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What We Already Know

• Both Lincoln and Johnson believed that
  Reconstruction was the responsibility of the
  president.

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What We Already Know

• Neither presidents Reconstruction plan would
  have required the Southern states to make any
  significant changes other than to recognize the
  freedom of African American slaves.

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What We Already Know

• Although the former slaves were made free by the
  Thirteenth Amendment, their everyday lives had
  not changed very much.

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Rebuilding Brings Conflict
New Southern state governments seemed very much
like the old ones.

• Some states flatly refused to ratify the
  Thirteenth Amendment.

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Rebuilding Brings Conflict

• The Southern states passed black codes, which
  limited the freedom of former slaves.
• Examples written proof of employment, no guns,
  no meeting in unsupervised groups
• Such laws made many people in the North suspect
  that white Southerners were trying to bring back
  the old South.
• Radical Republicans were angry and frustrated,
  and blamed Johnsons lenient Reconstruction plan
  for this situation.

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Get your whiteboards and markers ready!
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What group was angered and frustrated by
President Johnsons Reconstruction plan?

1. The Ku Klux Klan
2. The freedmen
3. Radical Republicans.
4. Southern upper classes

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How did white Southerners plan to restore the old
South?

1. By getting a Southerner elected to the presidency
   as soon as possible
2. By regaining control of Congress and overturning
   Lincoln's Reconstruction plan
3. By creating laws to return former slaves to
   plantation labor
4. By seceding again and starting a second Civil War

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Rebuilding Brings Conflict

• When Congress met in December 1865, many of the
  Southern representatives had been Confederate
  leaders only months before.
• Congress refused to seat Southern
  represent-atives until a committee studied
  conditions in the South state by state.
• This let the president know that Congress planned
  to play a role in Reconstruction.

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The Radical Republicans

• Republicans outnumbered Democrats in both houses
  of Congress, and most were moderates who believed
  in limiting the federal governments involvement
  in the states affairs.
• The Radical Republicans, however, wanted the
  federal government to remake Southern politics
  and society.

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The Radical Republicans

• Pennsylvania congressman Thaddeus Stevens and
  Massachusetts senator Charles Sumner demanded
  full and equal citizenship for African Americans.

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The Radical Republicans

• Radical Republicans wanted to destroy the Souths
  old ruling class, . . .

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The Radical Republicans

• . . . and replace it with small farms, free
  schools, respect for labor, and political
  equality for all citizens.

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The Radical Republicans

• Urged on by the Radicals, Congress passed the
  Civil Rights Act of 1866.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1866

• Declared that all persons born in the United
  States (except Native Americans) were citizens,
  and all citizens were entitled to equal rights
  regardless of their race.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1866

• Johnson vetoed the bill too much power to the
  national government.
• Johnson was opposed to making African Americans
  full citizens, because it would . . . operate
  against the white race.
• Congress voted to override Johnsons veto.

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Get your whiteboards and markers ready!
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What changes did Radical Republicans want to see
in the South?

1. Congressional control of the Reconstruction
   process
2. Full and equal citizenship for freed African
   Americans
3. The transformation of the South into a place of
   small farms, free schools, and political equality
4. Former slaves coming north to buy farms or to
   work in factories

Choose all that are true!
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How did Congress hope the Civil Rights Act of
1866 would improve racial equality?

• By establishing the 'separate but equal' doctrine
• By giving citizenship to all persons born in the
  United States, including former slaves and their
  descendants
• By banning discrimination in public
  accommodations, such as hotels and restaurants
• By granting all U.S. citizens the right to vote,
  regardless of race

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The Fourteenth Amendment

• Republicans were not satisfied with passing laws
  that ensured equal rights, because laws could be
  overturned.
• They wanted equality to be protected by the
  Constitution itself.
• To achieve this goal, Congress proposed the
  Fourteenth Amendment in 1866.

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The Fourteenth Amendment

• All people born in the United States were
  citizens and all citizens were to be granted
  equal protection of the laws.
• Any state that kept Blacks from voting would lose
  representatives in Congress.

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The Fourteenth Amendment

• Johnson refused to support the amendment, and all
  former Confederate states except Tennessee
  rejected it.

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The Fourteenth Amendment

• This rejection outraged even moderate
  Repub-licans, who agreed to join forces with
  Thaddeus Stevens and the Radicals.
• Together, they passed the Reconstruction Acts of
  1867.

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The Reconstruction Acts of 1867

• Divided the South into five military districts,
  each run by an army commander.
• Members of the ruling class before the war lost
  their voting rights.
• To reenter the Union, Southern states would have
  to approve new state constitutions that gave the
  vote to all adult men, including African
  Americans.
• Each state would also have to ratify the
  Fourteenth Amendment.

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Get your whiteboards and markers ready!
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What did the Fourteenth
Amendment state?

1. All states must permit African Americans to vote
   in statewide elections.
2. Slavery was abolished in all states forever.
3. All people born in the United States were
   citizens and had equal rights.
4. The "separate but equal" doctrine could no longer
   be applied in the South.

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What impact did the Reconstruction Acts of 1867
have on the South?

1. The South was divided into five military
   districts, each run by an army commander.
2. Members of the ruling class before the war lost
   their voting rights.
3. The Southern Democratic Party was abolished.
4. Southern states could reenter the Union after
   they wrote new state constitutions that allowed
   black men to vote.
5. Southern states must ratify the Fourteenth
   Amendment.

Choose all that are true!
51
What did the Radical Republicans require
Southern states to do before they could reenter
the Union?

1. Allow all adult men to vote, including former
   slaves.
2. Divide plantations up into family-sized farms for
   freedmen to buy.
3. Ratify the Fourteenth Amendment.
4. Set up offices of the Freedmen's Bureau.

Choose all that are true!
52
Write a brief paragraph to explain how each
person or group want to rebuild the South.
President Lincoln
The Freedmens Bureau
President Johnson
Allow about 8 lines for each row!