We are waiting for Apu.

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We are waiting for Apu.
Same thing in different sentences.
Apu is from India.
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We are waiting for Apu,
Apu is from India.
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The two sentences can be linked into one. We use
a relative pronoun to substitute the common item
and join the two sentences in one.
We are waiting for Apu ,
is from
India.
who
We are waiting for Apu, who is from India.
Subordinate/Dependent clause Its meaning is
incomplete if we remove the main clause.
Main /independent clause If we remove the
subordinate clause from the sentence, its meaning
is still complete.
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LINKING WORDS
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LINKING WORDS
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Two types of relative clauses

• Non-Defining
• Extra information about a noun in a sentence
• The new Woody Allen film, which I saw last
  week, is very good.
• Use commas
• Always use a relative pronoun
• who/whom ,which whose, where, when

• Defining
• Essential information about a noun in a sentence
• Youre the man (that) I saw last week.
• No commas
• Can omit pronoun if it is not the SUBJECT of the
  relative clause
• That (informal) can replace which / who/ when /
  why but not where, whose or whom

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Defining relative clauses No commas

• A defining relative clause identifies which
  person or thing we mean exactly.
• It cannot be left out of the sentence or the
  meaning of the sentence is incomplete
• Its the book that I read yesterday.
• Its the book. (this sentence is incomplete)

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Defining relative clauses No commas

• You can omit the pronoun if it is the OBJECT of
  the relative clause (if there is a SUBJECT and a
  VERB after the relative pronoun )
• Its the book that I read yesterday? (omit)
• Its the book I read yesterday.
• The girl who lives next door is French.
• We can never omit WHOSE and WHERE

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Non-defining relative clauses with commas

• This kind of clause gives additional information
  about a person or thing.
• The sentence still makes sense without the
  non-defining relative clause
• My neighbour, who studies engineering, is very
  noisy.
• My neighbour is very noisy.

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Formal / Informal

• Non-Defining relative clauses (with commas) are
  more common in written English because they are
  quite formal.
• In spoken English we would probably use two
  sentences.
• Compare
• Elvis Presley, who has sold over one billion
  albums, died of prescription drug abuse.
  written
• with
• Elvis has sold over a billion albums. He died of
  an overdose. spoken

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Verb preposition

• When the verb is followed by a preposition in the
  relative clause we can use two structures
• The woman is a lawyer. I spoke to a woman
• Formal Preposition rel.pronoun
• The woman to whom I spoke is a lawyer.
• (We cant omit the relative pronoun after a
  preposition)
• Or
• Informal Preposition after the verb
• The woman (who) I spoke to is a lawyer.

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Relative AdverbsTime when or in/on/at which
or that

• That was the year when/that/in which I got my
  degree.
• 11 September 2001 was the day when/that/on which
  peoples attitude towards terrorism changed.
• The adverb (when) can be omitted.
• 11 September 2001 was the day peoples
  attitude towards terrorism changed.

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Relative Adverbs Place where or

• in/on/at which or that
• Thats the factory where/in which they make
  chemicals.
• Thats the spot where/on which the battle took
  place.
• The adverb (where) cannot generally be omitted.

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Relative Adverbs Reason why (for which)

• I will explain the reasons why /for which the
  accident occurred
• The adverb (why) can be omitted.
• I will explain the reasons the accident occurred

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Relative pronounsPossessive whose

• It takes the place of his, her, their or a noun
  in possessive case s.
• Andy Warhol was a pop artist whose paintings are
  famous worldwide.(His paintings are famous)
• Charlie, whose sister lives in London,
• is travelling to England this summer. (Charlies
  sister lives in London).