CHAPTER 27 RUSSIA AND JAPAN: INDUSTRIALIZATION OUTSIDE THE WEST

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CHAPTER 27 RUSSIA AND JAPAN INDUSTRIALIZATION
OUTSIDE THE WEST
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Russias Reforms and Industrial Advance

• Russia Before Reform
• Napoleons 1812 invasion of Russia led them to
  need more defense
• Joined the Holy Alliance (Austria, Prussia, and
  Russia) in 1815
• Romanticism became common throughout Russia
  because of its use of nationalism
• Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire, gaining some
  territory in the 1830s

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• Russia before reform
• Many elites welcomed western art, but radicals
  and liberals were censored
• 1825 - Decembrist Uprising
• Western-oriented army officers riot
• Led the new Tsar Nicolas I to repress freedom of
  speech and expand the secret police
• Repression gave Russia reprieve from the
  revolutions in 1830 and 1848
• Intervened in Austria in 1849 to help the
  monarchy
• Russia held on to Poland at the Congress of
  Vienna (even though Poland had had a separate
  duchy under Napoleon)
• Catholic Poland wished for independence from
  Orthodox Russia, and several nationalist
  uprisings were brutally suppressed

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• Economic and Social Problems The Peasant
  Question
• Russia increased the demands on its peasants to
  increase exports
• The Crimean War was lost because the West had
  better supply lines and massive weaponry
• Tsar Alexander II decided that the first step to
  becoming more powerful (not completely
  Westernized) was to abolish serfdom to make way
  for a mobile labor force

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• The Reform Era and Early Industrialization
• 1861 - abolished serfdom roughly the same time
  period as the U.S. and Brazil abolished slavery
• Serfs given land as long as they paid for it
  (tied to the land until they paid for it)
• They gained no political rights
• Zemstvos created since the landowners did not
  directly rule the peasantry
• No national authority, but many people began to
  experience political participation

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• Reform Era and Early Industrialization
• The military was updated and schools began to be
  built.
• Women gained a little freedom education and
  professions
• Trans-Siberian Railroad built expanded Russias
  iron, coal, and grain sectors
• Modern factories built and a new semi-skilled
  labor force was recruited from the peasantry
• Enacted high tariffs to protect Russian industry,
  improved the banking system, and encouraged
  Western investors
• By 1900 about half of Russian industry was
  foreign owned
• Factories not up to Western standards and their
  labor was often poorly trained

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• The Road to Revolution
• Western ideals many minority nationalities
  began to demand things from the Russian Empire
• Peasants resented redemption payments and famines
  provoked protests
• Business and professionals began to demand more
  political voices more liberal reforms
• Radical intelligentsia articulate intellectuals
  wanted more political freedom and deep social
  reform without losing Russian culture

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• Road to Revolution
• Many radicals were anarchists who wanted to end
  all formal government recruited from the
  peasantry and increasingly became violent when
  the peasants did not join
• First large modern terrorist movement
• Alexander II tried to restrict freedoms
  assassinated in 1881 by a bomb
• successors tried to restrict even further
  especially minority nationalistic groups
• Poles were watched closely and Russian Jews
  were attacked in pogroms (organized killing of a
  minority).

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• Road to Revolution
• By the 1890s the Marxist doctrine had spread to
  Russia
• Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)
• Active Marxist leader, changed certain aspects of
  Marxism to fit to Russia
• His group became known as the Bolsheviks

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• The Revolution of 1905
• Russia had decided it needed to expand to meet
  the Western imperialist powers
• It had gained land from the Ottomans in the 1870s
  
• Aided in the creation of Bosnia and Serbia new
  Slavic nations.
• Russia began to expand into the Middle-East and
  China which worried Japan
• Russo-Japanese War began in 1904 Japanese
  victory
• massive protests began in 1905
• Duma created
• Stolypin Reforms within the duma gave peasants
  more freedom
• Did not last too long Tsar Nicolas II
  progressively stripped the duma of power

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Japan Transformation Without Revolution

• The Final Decades of the Shogunate
• First half of the 1800s, the Shogunate combined a
  central bureaucracy with semifeudal alliances
  between the regional daimyos and samurai.
• Taxes dwindled and they were still paying the
  samurai for their loyalty
• Budget reform weakened the Shogunate.
• NeoConfucianism gained at the expense of Buddhism
  
• Yet Japan became more secular.

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• The Final Decades of the Shogunate
• Schools expanded and the literacy rate exceeded
  all areas besides the West
• Traditionalists and reformists began to clash in
  Japan
• Ban of Western books ended in 1720
• Dutch Studies became more prominent because of
  the superiority of the medicinal books

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• The Challenge to Isolation
• 1853 - Commodore Matthew Perry landed in Japan
  near Tokyo
• Demanded that they open their ports to trade
• They accepted due to the superiority of Western
  military
• America gained two ports and an embassy
• Other European nations gained similar rights
• Samurai began to attack foreigners and use
  American Civil War weapons
• By 1868 the samurai had toppled the Shogunate
• Proclaimed Mutsuhito the new emperor (commonly
  called Meiji or Enlightened One)

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• Industrial and Political Change in the Meiji
  State
• Abolished feudalism, replaced the daimyos with
  nationally appointed prefects
• Samurai were sent to the West to study economic,
  political, and technological institutions
• Abolished the samurai and widen the tax burden
• Samurai rebelled, but Japan had a new, secure
  military
• House of Peers, reorganized the bureaucracy
  open to those who passed a civil service exam
• New parliament was called the Diet new
  constitution gave emperor and Diet new powers
• About 5 percent of men had the wealth needed to
  vote for positions in parliament

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• Japans Industrial Revolution
• Military became stronger with universal
  conscription and the creation of a modern navy
  with the help of Western advisors
• Railroads were built and agriculture expanded
  with new methods
• government controlled most of the economy -
  helped to regulate it and to control foreign
  investments
• still depended on imports of Western equipment
  and raw materials (coal)
• Needed large amounts of exports to pay for the
  imports silk produced by poorly paid women who
  worked at home or in sweatshops and were often
  sold into service by farm families

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• Social and Diplomatic Effects of
  Industrialization
• Society was disrupted by a large population
  growth
• Introduced universal education system - stressed
  science and political loyalty to the nation and
  the emperor
• Foreign books on morality were banned and the
  government began to inspect textbooks
• Western styles of dress introduced and Western
  hygiene became widespread

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• Social and Diplomatic Effects of
  Industrialization
• Used Western calendar and metric system
• Christianity did not spread, maintained an
  emphasis on Japanese values
• Tried to keep women in the home American women
  were too bossy
• Began to imperialize because of their need for
  raw materials
• Beat China for Korea in the Sino-Japanese War of
  1894-1895
• Beat Russia to make sure Russia did not expand
  further into Manchuria in 1904-1905
• Annexed Korea in 1910

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• The Strain of Modernization
• Poor living conditions in the cities
• Tensions between older traditionalists and
  younger generations
• Political parties in Parliament clashed with the
  emperor Diet abolished and reelected several
  times
• Political assassinations and attempts were common
• Stressed nationalism and hierarchy
• Repression of dissent and sweeping changes of the
  Meiji made sure that Japan missed the
  revolutionary pressure that hit other areas of
  the world after 1900
• Success with Westernization in its own way was
  very unusual