Learning Theories Social Cognitive Theory: Albert Bandura

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Chapter 2

• Theories of Development

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In this chapter
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An Overview

• Major families of theoretical perspectives
• Psychoanalytic
• Learning
• Cognitive
• Other theoretical trends
• Biological
• Ecological

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Psychoanalytic Theories Sigmund Freud

• Psychosexual theory Internal drives and emotions
  influence behavior.
• Patient memories used as primary source material
• Three personality types id, ego, superego
• Sexual feelings are part of personality
  development.

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Freuds Psychosexual Stages
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Psychosocial TheoryErik Erikson (Neo-Freudian)

• Psychosocial theory Development influenced by
  common cultural demands and internal drives
• Each psychosocial stage requires solution of a
  crisis.
• Healthy development requires a favorable ratio of
  positive to negative experiences.

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Psychosocial TheoryErik Erikson (Neo-Freudian)

• Stages
• First four stages form adult personality
  foundation
• Childhood-adulthood transition influential
• Ages
• Adult stages not strongly tied to age

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Eriksons Psychosocial Theory
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Learning TheoriesClassical Conditioning Ivan
Pavlov

• Classical Conditioning Learning process that
  occurs through associations between environmental
  stimulus and naturally occurring stimulus
• Reflex Stimulusresponse connection
• Learned Conditioned stimulus elicits conditioned
  response.

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Learning TheoriesOperant Conditioning B.F.
Skinner

• Operant conditioning Deals with modification of
  voluntary behavior
• Behaviors dependent on reinforcement
• Positive reinforcement
• Negative reinforcement
• Punishment
• Extinction

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Learning TheoriesHints for Parents and Caregivers

• Positive and negative reinforcement interact in
  complex ways in real life.
• The best chance for behavioral change exists when
  an appropriate consequence administered first
  after the behavior occurs.

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Learning TheoriesSocial Cognitive Theory Albert
Bandura

• Observational learning or modeling Learning
  results from seeing a model reinforced or
  punished for behavior.
• Dependent on four factors
• Attention
• Memory
• Physical capabilities
• Motivation

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Learning TheoriesSocial Cognitive Theory
Self-Efficacy

• Perceived self-efficacy People's beliefs about
  their capabilities to produce effects
• Learning
• Influenced by perceived similarity to model
• Not limited to overt behavior
• Comes also from ideas, expectations, internal
  standards, and self-concepts

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Cognitive TheoriesJean Piaget

• Piagets cognitive theory Development involves
  processes based upon actions and later progresses
  into changes in mental operations.
• Scheme
• Assimilation
• Accommodation
• Equilibration

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Cognitive TheoriesJean Piagets Cognitive
Developmental Stages

• Evolution of Logical Thinking

The rate of development differs for individual
children.
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Cognitive TheoriesVygotskys Socio-Cultural
Theory

• Socio-cultural theory Complex forms of thinking
  have their origins in social interactions, not
  private explorations.
• Children learn new cognitive skills guided by a
  more skilled partner.
• Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
• Scaffolding

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Cognitive TheoriesImportance of Assisted
Discovery

• Assisted discovery Child integrates results of
  independent discoveries with new knowledge taught
  in systematic and structured way.
• What are the educational applications of this
  kind of learning?

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Cognitive TheoriesImportance of Assisted
Discovery

• Educational Applications
• Supports active exploration opportunities
• Discovery of what knowledge, skills, and
  understandings have not yet surfaced for learner
  but are on edge of emergence

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Cognitive TheoriesInformation-Processing Theory

• Information-processing theory Computer used as
  model to explain how mind manages information
• Three-stage theory of memory
• Sensory memory
• Short-term or working memory
• Long-term memory

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Figure 2.2 The Information-Processing System
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Cognitive TheoriesNeo-Piagetian Theories

• Piagetian information-processing hybrid
• Uses IP to explain Piagets stages
• Expands (not contradicts) Piagets theory
• Agrees that children's thinking reflects
  developing internal mental structures
• Draws on linguistic theories about content domain
  specificity of cognition

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Questions To Ponder

• Give an example each of a positive reinforcement
  and a punishment in your work or academic life.
• Looking at ecological systems theory, describe
  your personal exosystem, macrosystem, and
  microsystem influences.

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Biological TheoriesBehavioral Genetics

• Behavioral genetics Examines genetic
  underpinnings of behavioral phenotypes
• Can you think of questions that might be
  addressed using this theoretical perspective?

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Did you list twin studies in your response?
Figure 2.3 IQs of Fraternal and Identical Twins

• Look at these findings from several studies of
  Dutch twins. What does this tell you about the
  influence of heredity and age?

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Other Biological TheoriesEthology and
Sociobiology

• Ethology Examines genetically determined
  mechanisms that promote survival through natural
  selection
• Imprinting
• Sociobiology Application of evolutionary theory
  to social behavior
• Genetic selfishness

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Bioecological TheoryUrie Bronfenbrenner

• Bioecological theory Explains development in
  terms of relationships between people and their
  environments
• Contexts
• Macrosystem
• Exosystem
• Microsystem
• Mesosystem
• Biological context

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Place yourself in the center of the model.

Who or what would you place in each ring?
What prompted your choices?
Figure 2.4 Bronfenbrenners Contexts of
Development
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Why asking which theory is RIGHT may be wrong!

• Instead of right/wrong, try useful/not useful.
• Evaluation of usefulness of each theory
• Generate predictions that can be tested.
• Heuristic value
• Practical value
• Explanation of basic developmental facts

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Multiple Theoretical Approaches Eclecticism

• Interdisciplinary builds on ideas from multiple
  sources
• Avoids rigid adherence to single theory
• Contributes to development of more comprehensive
  theories