Some Final Information

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Some Final Information
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11 Levels of Biological Organization
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The Taxonomic Hierarchy
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Fungi Differ from Plants and Animals

• Fungi (domain Eukarya, kingdom Fungi)
• Structurally diverse group of eukaryotes
• Strict heterotrophs that release digestive
  enzymes into the external environment and digest
  their food outside the body
• Mycelium - fungus body, a mass of filaments
  called hyphae

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Fungi Differ from Plants and Animals

• Fungal cells are different from plant cells
• Lack chloroplasts and their cell wall contains
  chitin rather than cellulose
• Fungi are adapted to life on land by producing
  windblown spores during both asexual and sexual
  reproduction

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Fungi can have Mutualistic Relationships with
Algae and Plants

• In a mutualistic relationship, two different
  species live together beneficially
• Lichen - a mutualistic association between a
  particular fungus and a cyanobacteria or green
  algae
• Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relationships
  with the roots of most plants
• Helps plants grow more successfully in dry or
  poor soils particularly those deficient in
  inorganic nutrients

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DOMAIN Eukarya KINGDOM Animals
Milticellular Usually Motile
Heterotrophic Diploid life cycle Invertebrates
Lack endoskeleton (Some have
exoskeleton) Vertebrates Posses endoskeleton
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Examples of Invertebrates Sponge Flatworms Roundw
orms Arthropods (includes insects) Molluscs
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Examples of Vertebrates Fish (water dwelling -
marine) - jawless fish (ex. Hagfish,
Lampreys) - cartilaginous fish (ex. Shark) -
bony fish (ex. Trout, Perch) Ectotherms Body
temperature influenced by environmental temp.
(i.e., cold blooded) Lacks a chambered
heart Water breathing respiration Wet,
scaly skin (most) Male fertilizes egg laid by
female (most)
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Examples of Vertebrates Amphibian (both land and
water) Examples Frog, Salamander
Ectothermic Jointed limbs Eyelids Larynx
3 chamber heart Respiration through skin
(most) Smooth, wet skin Male fertilizes
eggs laid by female (all?)
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Examples of Vertebrates Reptile (land
dwelling) Example Snake, Alligator, Lizard)
Ectothermic Heart has 3 chambers Dry, scaly
skin Reproduction involves insemination of egg
while in female, rather than external egg. Female
lays a fertilized amniotic egg that has leathery
exterior
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Examples of Vertebrates Birds (ex. Eagle,
Falcon, Ostrich) Feathers (aerodynamic) Lay
amniotic egg with hardened shell Most birds
fly (some swim) 4 chamber heart Endothermic
(generate internal heat warm-blooded)
Hollow bone Air breathing
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Examples of Vertebrates Mammals (ex. Dog, Cow,
Bears) Air breathing Endothermic 4 chamber
heart Hair Produce milk Live birth (most)
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Ecology Study of interactions of organisms and
other organisms, and with their
environment. Habitat where organism
lives Population all organisms of same species
within the habitat Community the interaction
of all populations within a specific location
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Population Interactions
Competition Rivalry between two populations for
the same resources Predation One organism
(predator) feeds on another (prey) Symbiosis Rel
ationship between two different species living
together
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• Symbiosis
• 1. Commensalism
• Relationship where one species benefits, but
  neither is harmed
• Mutualism
• Relationship where both species benefit
• 3. Parasitism
• One species (parasite) derives nourishment from
  the other (host) - usually at the hosts expense,
  and is usually dependent on that host species.

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• Population Distributions
• Clumped
• Random
• Uniform
• Distribution affected by
• A. Resources
• Light, Food, Water, Mates, Space
• B. Limiting Factors
• Varies, depending upon species

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• Density Dependent Factors of Population Size
• 1. Biotic Factors
• - competition
• - predation
• - parasitism
• B. Density Independent Factors of Population Size
• 1. Abiotic Factors
• - drought
• - snow
• - flood
• - fire

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A Nutritional Classification of Organisms
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Ecosystem Interactions(e.g., grassland)
Energy flow
Solar energy
Chemical cycling
heat
producers
heat
consumers
decomposers
heat
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The Carbon Cycle
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The Nitrogen Cycle
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Black Death
Bubonic Plague
Bacterium Yersinia pestis
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Physical Sign of Bubonic Plague
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Plague

• Reservoir Rats, ground squirrels, and prairie
  dogs
• Transmission Bite of rat flea
• Bubonic plague Bacterial growth in blood and
  lymph
• Pneumonic plague Bacteria in the lungs

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U.S. Distribution of Plague, 19702004