The Cell

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The Cell

• Cell Types
• Cell Parts

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Cell Types
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Prokaryotic Cells orProkaryotes

• The Bacteria

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Capsule

• A protective covering
• Made up of polysaccharides
• Keep the bacterium from drying out to protect
  it
• The capsule is a major virulence factor in the
  major disease-causing bacteria,
• E.g. Escherichia coli and Streptococcus
  pneumoniae.

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Cell Wall

• Gives the cell its shape
• Surrounds the plasma membrane, protecting it from
  the environment.
• Helps to anchor appendages (pili and flagella)
• Responsible for keeping the cell from bursting
  when there are large differences in osmotic
  pressure between the cytoplasm and the
  environment.

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Nucleoid

• A region of cytoplasm where the chromosomal DNA
  is located.
• It is not a membrane bound nucleus
• Most bacteria have a single, circular chromosome
• Small circular DNA strands, called plasmids, are
  also found in the cytoplasm.

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Pili

• Small hairlike projections emerging from the
  outside cell surface.
• Assist the bacteria in attaching to other cells
  and surfaces, such as teeth, intestines, and
  rocks.
• Without pili, bacteria lose their ability to
  infect because they're unable to attach to host
  tissue.

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Prokaryotic Ribosomes

• Site of protein synthesis
• Bacterial ribosomes are never bound to other
  organelles

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Bacterial Shapes
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Bacterial Arrangements
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Eukaryotic Cells Or Eukaryotes

• Nucleus
• Membrane Bound Organelles

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Animal Cell
Vacuole
Cytoplasm
Centriole
Cell Membrane
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Ribosome
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Mitochondria
Nuclear Membrane
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
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Plant Cell
Nucleolus
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Nuclear Membrane
Golgi Apparatus
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Vacuole
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
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Cell Membrane

• Controls what enters and leaves cell
• Protects and supports the cell
• Made of a Phospholipid Bi-layer
• Proteins act as channels, carriers, or pumps to
  pass molecules into or out of the cell
• Cholesterol molecules prevent phospholipids from
  sticking to each other
• Fluid Mosaic

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Phospholipid Bilayer
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Cell Membrane
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Cell Membrane

• Carbohydrate chains
• Act like chemical ID cards allows cells to
  recognize each other.

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Cell Wall

• Plants, algae, some bacteria
• Helps support and protect cell
• 2 or more layers thick
• Outer layer is where cells meet gluey substance
  pectin
• Primary cell wall is next made of cellulose

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Nucleus

• large dark structure
• Not all cells have a nucleus
• Eukaryotes
• Prokaryotes
• Information center and holds DNA (genetic code)
• Chromosomes DNA and Proteins Genetic code

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Nucleolus

• Inside Nucleus
• Made of RNA
• Makes Ribosomes
• Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis

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Cytoplasm

• Jelly like substance
• Holds organelles
• Most chemical reactions happen here

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Cytoplasm

• Made up of Proteins including enzymes
  Vitamins Ions Nucleic acids and their
  precursors Amino acids and their precursors
  Sugars, carbohydrates and their derivatives
  Fatty acids and their derivatives
• These are all part of continuous chemical
  reactions.

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Mitochondria

• Powerhouse of the cell
• Break down sugars for energy
• Convert ADP to ATP
• 2 Membranes
• Outer surrounds mitochondria
• Inner increases surface area more efficient

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Mitochondrion
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Chloroplast

• Only in plant cells
• Have Chlorophyll
• Convert Sun energy into chemical energy

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Chloroplast