PENDAHULUAN

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POKOK BAHASAN

1. PENDAHULUAN
2. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
3. STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI SEL MIKROORGANISME
4. PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME
5. GENETIKA MIKROORGANISME
6. BIOENERGETIKA MIKROORGANISME
7. PENGENDALIAN PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME
8. INTERAKSI DAN PENYEBARAN MIKROORGANISME
9. PERANAN MIKROORGANISME

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
POKOK BAHASAN

1. PENDAHULUAN
2. EVOLUSI DAN KERAGAMAN MIKROBA
3. TINGKATAN TAKSONOMI
4. SISTEM KLASIFIKASI
5. KARAKTERISTIK UTAMA YANG DIGUNAKAN DALAM
   TAKSONOMI
6. PERKIRAAN (ASSESSING) FILOGENI MIKROBA
7. DIVISI UTAMA ORGANISME
8. BERGEYS MANUAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY
9. GARIS BESAR FILOGENI DAN KERAGAMAN PROKARIOT
10. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

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POKOK BAHASAN

1. ARCHAEA
2. BACTERIA
3. FUNGI
4. ALGAE
5. PROTOZOA
6. VIRUS

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. FUNGI

POKOK BAHASAN

1. PENDAHULUAN
2. DISTRIBUSI
3. NILAI PENTING
4. STRUKTUR
5. NUTRISI DAN METABOLISME
6. REPRODUKSI
7. KARAKTERISTIK PENGGOLONGAN FUNGI
8. SLIME MOLDS DAN WATER MOLDS

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. FUNGI

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. PENDAHULUAN

• Fungi-eucaryotic, spore-bearing organisms with
  absorptive metabolism and no chlorophyll
  reproduce sexually and asexually
• Mycologists-scientists who study fungi
• Mycology-the study of fungi
• Mycotoxicology-the study of fungal toxins and
  their effects on various organisms
• Mycoses-diseases in animals caused by fungi
• Belong to the kingdom Fungi within the domain
  Eucarya is a monophyletic group known as the
  eumycota (true fungi)

In phylogenetics, a group is monophyletic (Greek
"of one race") if it consists of a common
ancestor and all its descendants. A taxonomic
group that contain organisms but not their common
ancestor is called polyphyletic, and a group that
contains some but not all descendants of the most
recent common ancestor is called paraphyletic.
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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. FUNGI

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. DISTRIBUSI

• Primarily terrestrial with a few freshwater and
  marine organisms
• Many are pathogenic in plants or animals
• Form beneficial associations with plant roots
  (mycorrhizae) or with algae or cyanobacteria
  (lichens)

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. FUNGI

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. NILAI PENTING

• Decomposers-break down organic material and
  return it to environment
• Major cause of plant disease also cause disease
  in animals, including humans
• Industrial fermentation-bread, wine, beer,
  cheese, tofu, soy sauce, steroid manufacture,
  antibiotic production, and the production of the
  immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine
• Research-fundamental biological processes can be
  studied in these simple eucaryotic organisms

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. FUNGI

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. STRUKTUR

• THALLUS-body or vegetative structure of a fungus
  fungal cell walls are usually composed of chitin,
  a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide consisting
  of N-acetyl glucosamine residues
• YEAST-unicellular fungus with single nucleus
  reproduces asexually by budding, or sexually by
  spore formation daughter cells may separate
  after budding or may aggregate to form colonies
• MOLD-a fungus with long, branched, threadlike
  filaments
• HYPHAE-the filaments of a mold may be coenocytic
  (i.e., have no cross walls within the hyphae) or
  septate (i.e., have cross walls)
• MYCELIA-bundles or tangled masses of hyphae
• DIMORPHISM-a property of some fungi, which change
  from the yeast (Y) form (within an animal host)
  to the mold (M) form (in the environment) this
  is referred to as the YM shift the reverse
  relationship exists in plant-associated fungi

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. FUNGI

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. NUTRISI DAN METABOLISME

• Most fungi are SAPROPHYTES, securing nutrients
  from dead organic material (chemoorganoheterotroph
  s) fungi secrete hydrolytic enzymes that promote
  external digestion products diffuse back into
  hyphae
• GLYCOGEN is the primary storage polysaccharide
• Most are AEROBIC (some yeasts are FACULTATIVELY
  ANAEROBIC) OBLIGATE ANAEROBIC fungi are found in
  the rumen of cattle

Enzymatic breakdown
Products
Enzymes
Product diffuses back into hypha and is used
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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. FUNGI

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. REPRODUKSI

• ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• occurs by several mechanisms
• Transverse fission
• Budding
• Direct spore production
• Hyphal fragmentation-component cells behave as
  ARTHROSPORES or CHLAMYDIOSPORES (if enveloped in
  thick cell wall before separation)
• SPORANGIOSPORES are produced in sporangium (sac)
  at the end of an aerial hypha (sporangiophore)
• CONIDIOSPORES are unenclosed spores produced at
  the tip or on the sides of aerial hypha
• BLASTOSPORES are produced when a vegetative cell
  buds off

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. FUNGI

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. REPRODUKSI (lanjutan)

• SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• Involves the union of compatible nuclei
• Some fungi are self-fertilizing (male and female
  gametes produced on the same mycelium
  (homothallic), while others require outcrossing
  between different but sexually compatible mycelia
  (heterothallic)
• Zygote formation proceeds by one of several
  mechanisms
• Fusion of gametes
• Fusion of gamete-producing bodies (gametangia)
• Fusion of hyphae
• Sometimes there is immediate fusion of nuclei and
  cytoplasm however, more common is a delayed
  fusion of nuclei, resulting in the formation of a
  cell with two haploid nuclei (dikaryotic stage)
• Zygotes can develop into spores (zygospores,
  ascospores, or basidiospores) spores are used
  for identification purposes and also aid fungal
  dissemination

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. FUNGI

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. PENGGOLONGAN FUNGI

1. Division Zygomycota
2. Division Ascomycota
3. Division Basidiomycota
4. Division Deuteromycota
5. Division Chytridiomycota

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. FUNGI

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. PENGGOLONGAN FUNGI

1) Division Zygomycota

• Most are saprophytes a few are plant and animal
  parasites
• Coenocytic hyphae (no crosswalls), with many
  haploid nuclei
• Asexual reproduction leads to the formation of
  sporangiospores
• Sexual reproduction leads to the formation of
  ZYGOSPORES these are tough, thick-walled zygotes
  that can remain dormant when the environment is
  too harsh for growth
• Representative member Rhizopus stolonifer
  (commonly known as bread mold, but also grows on
  fruits and vegetables)
• Normally reproduces asexually
• Reproduces sexually by fusion of gametangia if
  food is scarce or environment is unfavorable
• Zygospores (diploid) are produced and remain
  dormant until conditions are favorable
• Meiosis often occurs at time of germination
• Zygomycetes are used in the production of foods,
  anesthetics, coloring agents, and other useful
  products

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. FUNGI

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. PENGGOLONGAN FUNGI

2) Division Ascomycota

• Members of this division cause food spoilage, a
  number of plant diseases (e.g., powdery mildew,
  chestnut blight, ergot,and Dutch elm disease)
• Include many types of YEAST, edible morels, and
  truffles, as well as the pink bread mold
  Neurospora crassa
• Mycelia are septate
• Produce CONIDIOSPORES when reproducing asexually
• ASCOSPORES (haploid spores located in a sac
  called an ASCUS) are formed when reproducing
  sexually
• Thousands of asci may be packed together in a
  cup-shaped ascocarp

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. FUNGI

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. PENGGOLONGAN FUNGI

3) Division Basidiomycota

• Includes smuts, jelly fungi, rusts, shelf fungi,
  stinkhorns, puffballs, toadstools, mushrooms, and
  bird's nest fungi
• Basidia are produced at the tips of the hyphae,
  in which the basidiospores will develop
• BASIDIOSPORES are held in fruiting bodies called
  basidiocarps
• Usefulness-many basidomycetes are decomposers
  some mushrooms serve as food (some are
  poisonous) one is the causative agent of
  cryptococcosis and some are plant pathogens

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. FUNGI

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. PENGGOLONGAN FUNGI

4) Division Deuteromycota

• This is a classical division grouping together
  fungi that lack a sexual reproductive phase or
  fungi for which a sexual reproductive phase has
  not been observed more recently molecular
  systematics places the Deuteromycota among their
  closest relatives in the Eumycota and eliminates
  the Deuteromycota as a separate division
• Most are terrestrial a few are freshwater or
  marine organisms most are saprophytes or plant
  parasites some are parasitic on other fungi
• Human impact
• Some are human parasites (e.g., causing ringworm,
  athlete's foot, histoplasmosis)
• Some are used industrially to produce
  antibiotics, cheese, soy sauce, and other
  products
• Some produce substances that are highly toxic and
  carcinogenic to animals (e.g., aflatoxin and
  trichothecenes)

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. FUNGI

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. PENGGOLONGAN FUNGI

5) Division Chytridiomycota

• Terrestrial and aquatic fungi that reproduce
  asexually by forming motile ZOOSPORES
• Microscopic in size may consist of single cells,
  a small multinucleate mass, or a true mycelium
• Reproduce asexually or sexually
• Some saprophytic others are parasites of algae,
  other true fungi, and plants

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. FUNGI

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. SLIME MOLDS DAN WATER MOLDS

• Resemble fungi in appearance and life-style, but
  their cellular organization, reproduction, and
  life cycles are more closely related to protists
• DIVISION MYXOMYCOTA - PLASMODIAL (ACELLULAR)
  SLIME MOLDS
• The multinucleated protoplasm (plasmodium) moves
  by amoeboid movement as it phagocytizes organic
  matter
• Form ornate fruiting bodies when food and/or
  moisture are in short supply fruiting bodies
  form spores with cellulose cell walls that are
  resistant to environmental extremes
• Spores germinate to produce myxamoeba or
  flagellated swarm cells
• Myxamoeba and swarm cells are initially haploid,
  but eventually fuse to form a diploid zygote
• Zygote feeds, grows and carries out multiple
  nuclear divisions, giving rise to a plasmodium

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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. FUNGI

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA

1. SLIME MOLDS DAN WATER MOLDS (lanjutan)

• DIVISION ACRASIOMYCOTA - CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS
• During the vegetative stage, amoeboid cells
  called myxamoeba feed phagocytically on bacteria
  and yeasts
• When food is scarce, myxamoeba form
  pseudoplasmodia by aggregating and secreting a
  slimy sheath around themselves
• Become sedentary and differentiate into prestalk
  and prespore cells
• Form sorocarps that mature to sporangia
  sporangia produce spores
• Released spores will later germinate to form
  haploid amoebae to begin the cycle again
• DIVISION OOMYCOTA - OOMYCETES (WATER MOLDS)
• Resemble fungi, but cell walls are composed of
  cellulose, not chitin
• Produce a relatively large egg cell that is
  fertilized by a small sperm cell or an even
  smaller antheridium zygote germinates forming
  asexual, flagellated zoospores

Dd_cul_1s.mov
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sekian ......
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02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME

1. FUNGI

X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA
1

3
2
Only the tip wall is plastic and stretches
This wall is rigid
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Reproduction Zygomycota
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Reproduction Ascomycota
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Reproduction Basidiomycota
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A slime mold (Physarum polycephalum), showing a
creeping mass of yellowish protoplasm called a
plasmodium. Photo courtesy of Dr. George Zabka,
Palomar College.
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SENSOR
The slime fungus (Fuligo septica) at the San
Diego Wild Animal Park A. Yellowish
(bile-colored) plasmodial stage growing on wood
chips. B. One day later, the plasmodium has
developed into a thick, spore-bearing mass called
an aethalium.