Reconstruction

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Reconstructionthe Gilded Age
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Reconstruction

• How do you reintegrate the south into the union?
• Problems South devastated, hates the north,
  cultural divisions between whites and newly freed
  blacks

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• Lincoln had 10 plan when 10 of the people who
  were on voting lists from 1860 swore allegiance
  to the Union, that state was back in.
• Many in Congress opposed this as too lenient

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Andrew Johnson

• Democrat, Tennessee
• Very lenient on South
• All Southern states except Texas agree to his
  terms
• Dec 1865 Southern Senators take their seats in
  Congress very unapologetic (some were Generals
  pardoned by Johnson)

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• Feb. 1866 Congress creates Freedmens Bureau to
  help former slaves and poor southern whites
• Built hospitals, schools, tried to educate them
• March Civil Rights Act of 1866, forbid Black
  Codes and gave former slaves Citizenship
• President Johnson surprises everyone and vetoes
  both

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14th Amendment

• All persons born or naturalized in the country
  are citizens entitled to equal protection. No
  state could deprive life, liberty, or property
  without due process.
• Twisted arms to let blacks vote
• Barred former Confederate leaders from holding
  office

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• Johnson becomes unpopular
• Riots in South kill many blacks
• 1866 congressional elections Republicans win
  2/3 of seats in Congress, can now override veto

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Reconstruction Act of 1867

• Didnt recognize any governments formed under
  Lincoln or Johnson (except Tennessee because they
  ratified 14th Amendment)
• Divided other 10 states into 5 militarily
  controlled districts
• Required black men and white men not disqualified
  by 14th Amendment to draw up new state
  constitution
• Required states to give blacks vote ratify 14th
  Amendment

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• The first military commanders had virtually
  unlimited power. They removed thousands of civil
  officials from their jobs and actively cultivated
  the registration of black voters, thereby placing
  former slaves in position to dominate their
  former masters and to wring from the South what
  little was left after four years of devastating
  war. Military rule in the South lasted for 10
  years, until 1877, when Rutherford B. Hayes
  agreed to return the states to home rule in
  exchange for Southern support in his bid for the
  presidency.

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• President Johnson vetoes the act
• Congress overrides
• Congress decides to get rid of Johnson
• 1867 Tenure of Office Act President cant
  remove cabinet officials appointed during his
  term without consent of Congress
• Johnson fired somebody just to stick it to the
  Congress

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Johnson Impeached

• Feb 24, 1868
• Congress votes to Impeach, but the vote to
  convict is 35-19, one short of 2/3 needed

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• 1868 election Republicans nominate U.S. Grant
• He wins
• Lots of Corruption during his terms

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15th Amendment

• No one can be banned from voting because of race,
  color, or previous condition of servitude

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• Scalawag white Southerners who joined the
  Republican party
• Carpetbagger Northerner who moved south to make
  a quick dime.

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Hiram Revels

• Blacks become Republicans
• Hiram Revels becomes first African American
  Senator (Mississippi)

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Ku Klux Klan

• 1866
• Democrat led domestic terrorist group
• Killed tortured blacks to restore White
  Supremacy
• Intimidation, Fraud, Bribery, Assassination

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• May 1872 Congress gives amnesty to 160,000 former
  Confederates
• Shifted power back to Democrats
• Supreme Court continues to chip away at blacks
  rights

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Election of 1876

• Rutherford B. Hayes
• Dirty deal with Dems. ends Reconstruction

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Westward Expansion Continues

• Homestead Act of 1862 160 acres of land free to
  anyone who lives on land and cultivates it
• 1862-1900 400,000-600,000 families took
  advantage, starts to fill gap between California
  and Mississippi

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causes many small conflicts with Indians

• 1876 George Custer led troops to Little Big
  Horn, Montana
• Sioux led by Crazy Horse wiped out Custer his
  men
• Custers Last Stand angers many whites

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Transcontinental Railroad

• 1850-1871 Gov. helps development of Railroads,
  170 million (1/2 billion today)
• 1867 Union Pacific Central Pacific used
  Irish, Chinese, Mexican and black labor cheap
  and hard workers
• May 10, 1869 it was completed

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• http//www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/seven_wond
  ers/launch_ani_fall_transcontinental.shtml

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• Farmers having problems form Populist Party
• Wanted
• Inflation
• Graduated Income Tax
• Federal Loan Programs
• The party eventually fades

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Thomas Alva Edison

• The Wizard of Menlo Park
• 1,093 inventions
• Phonograph (record player)
• Light Bulb
• Motion Pictures

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• 1879-80

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• 1877

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• 1891

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Alexander Graham Bell

• Invents Microphone
• Invents electric speech machine a.k.a. the
  telephone

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• 1876 1880 more than 51,000 patents issued
• Dec 17, 1903 Orville and Wilbur Wright work on
  flight
• Kitty Hawk, NC 1st Flight is 12 seconds long

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Social Darwinism

• Charles Darwin wrote Origin of the Species in
  1859
• People took his idea of Natural Selection and
  applied it to business and society
• Only the Strong survive
• This justifies Laissez Faire government (hands
  off)

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Rise of the Robber Barons

• Carnegie sold Carnegie Steel for 500 million to
  J.P. Morgan
• Becomes US Steel largest business in the world

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John D. Rockefeller

• Standard Oil
• Used Trusts companies would turn stocks over to
  group of Trustees, a legal gray area but really a
  monopoly
• Gained total control of oil in US

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• 1870 owned 3 of US oil
• 1880 owned 90
• Paid employees low wages
• Sold cheap to drive competitors out of business,
  when he owned it all he raised prices

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On the other hand

• Robber Barons did give a lot to charity
• Rockefeller gave over 500 million
• Carnegie gave 325 million, built many libraries
• Helped put the US on the path of becoming
  economic superpower

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• The government starts legislating against
  monopolies fearing that they stifle competition
• 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act illegal to form a
  Trust

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Cities keep growing

• Immigrants continue to move to cities
• Urban poor grow
• Working conditions are often bad
• 6-7 day work week, 12 hours a day
• Many injuries / unsafe conditions

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• Labor Unions start forming as a result
• Beginning of Socialism in the US
• Karl Marx

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Immigration

• 1870-1920 approximately 20 million Europeans
  arrive in the USA
• Land of Opportunity

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• 1851-1883 200,000 Chinese arrive to east coast
• Gold Mountain
• By 1920 200,000 Japanese
• 1880-1920 260,000 immigrants from West Indies
• 1910-1930 1 million Mexicans

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• US is called a Melting Pot, but many are
  against immigrants
• 1882-1943 Chinese not allowed to immigrate

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• Down south Blacks are given literacy tests poll
  taxes if they want to vote
• Jim Crow Laws separate facilities for blacks
  and whites
• Segregation
• 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson says separate but equal
  is ok

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• 1880 election James A. Garfield (R)
• Assassinated by Charles Guiteau because of Spoils
  System
• Shot July 2, 1881 died Sept. 19

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• Chester A. Arthur becomes president
• Institutes Civil Service reform
• Tariff issues become important

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• 1884 Grover Cleveland (D) elected president
  wanted low tariffs

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• 1888 Benjamin Harrison (R) raised tariff
• 1892 Cleveland elected again tried to lower
  tariff

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• 1896 election William McKinley (R) raises tariff

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