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Ocean Water Chemistry

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Ocean Water Chemistry Distribution of Earth s Water Oceans 97.2 % Ice Caps and Glaciers 2.15 % Atmosphere 0.001 % Rivers and Lakes 0.009 % Inland Seas 0 ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Ocean Water Chemistry


1
Ocean Water Chemistry
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Figure 4.17a
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http//www.nhptv.org/
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Distribution of Earths Water
  • Oceans 97.2
  • Ice Caps and Glaciers 2.15
  • Atmosphere 0.001
  • Rivers and Lakes 0.009
  • Inland Seas 0.008
  • Groundwater 0.625

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Ocean Water is SALTY
  • Salinity Total amount of dissolved solids
  • Units o/oo 1/1000
  • Range 33 37 o/oo
  • Increase in salinity
  • Increase in Density
  • Decrease in Freezing Point
  • Decrease in Vapor Pressure
  • Increase in Osmotic Pressure

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Origin of Salts in Oceans
  • Rivers (largest transport of chemicals to ocean)
  • Rain CO2 ? H2CO3
  • Si, Al, Na, K, Mg
  • Volcanoes
  • Cl, S, CO2
  • Dust / Rain
  • Fe, Si
  • Anthropogenic
  • CO2, P

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Example Geochemical Cycle
Concept of Steady State
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Example 2 Geochemical Cycle
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Residence Time(T Ocean amount/Output rate)
  • Concentration of elements in seawater is
    determined by their removal rate
  • Conservative elements
  • Major Elements Cl, Na, SO4, Mg, Ca, K
  • Minor Elements Br, Sr, B, C, F
  • Non Conservative Elements
  • Nutrients N, P, Si
  • Dissolved gases O2, CO2, N2
  • Trace Elements Fe, Al, Mn
  • Organic Compounds

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Residence Time - Concentration
  • Element Res. Time (yrs)
  • Na 60 000 000
  • Cl 80 000 000
  • Mg 10 000 000
  • K 6 000 000
  • SO4 9 000 000
  • Ca 1 000 000
  • Mn 7 000
  • Fe 100
  • Concentration
  • Crust () Ocean (mg/l)
  • 2.4 10 770
  • 0.013 19 500
  • 2.3 1 290
  • 2.1 380
  • 0.026 905
  • 4.1 412
  • 0.5 0.0002
  • 2.4 0.002

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Dissolved Gases
Gas Solubility Decreases with Temp. and
Salinity Increases with Pressure
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Gases in Atmosphere Oceans
Percent Gas Phase by Volume Percent Gas Phase by Volume Percent Gas Phase by Volume
Gas Atmosphere Surface Ocean Total Ocean
N2 79 48 11
O2 21 36 6
CO2 0.04 15 83
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Seawater pH
  • Pure water pH 7
  • Seawater pH 7.5 8.1
  • Seawater is very well buffered!
  • CO2(gas)H2O??H2CO3??HHCO3??2HCO32

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H2O Universal Polar Solvent
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H20 Temperature and Density
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H2O Frozen Liquid density
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H2O Heat Capacity
  • Heat Capacity heat needed to change the
    temperature of a substance
  • Water has higher heat capacity than
  • All solids
  • All liquids, except liquid ammonia
  • Latent heat of Vaporization heat needed to
    evaporate a liquid
  • Water has the highest of all substances

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Seawater Temperature and Density
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Seawater Temperature and salinity
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Seawater Ice Formation
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Electromagnetic wave penetration
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Open water(low productivity)
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Coastal and Estuarine waters (high productivity)
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Nuclear Missile Submarine
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http//www.nhptv.org/
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How do we measure light penetration?
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Water Refraction
Eschrichtius robustus
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Sound Velocity
  • Influenced by Salinity, Temperature and Pressure
  • Increases with Salinity
  • Increases with Temperature
  • Increases with Pressure
  • Concept of Midwater Sound Channel
  • Study in Detail Fig 5-19!

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Sound Channel
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Humpback WhalesMegaptera novaeangliae
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Gray Whale Sonar Proposal
  • Eschrichtius robustus

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Gray Whale Migration
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Acoustic Pollution
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