Human anatomy

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Human anatomy

• ??????? ?????
• ???

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Basic Concepts of Anatomy

• Definition human anatomy, the oldest science
  dealing with the structures and functions of body
• Gross anatomy
• systematic anatomy
• regional anatomy
• Applied anatomy
• Clinical anatomy

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Hippcrates
Hippocrates----?????(???460377)????????????
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Galen
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Vesalius------(15141564) ?????????,1543????????
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Vesalius
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Harvey
Harvey------(15781657) ??????,??????????,????????
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• ???300200???????????????
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• ???(17681831)?????????????????????
• 19492003???????????????,???????????????????????,?
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• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
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  ???????????,??????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????,???????????????????????,???
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Descriptive anatomical terms

• The anatomical position
• (?????)
• The body is upright, legs together, and
  directed forwards. The palms are turned forward,
  with the thumbs laterally.

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The terms of the direction (????)

• superior ?, inferior ?
• anterior (ventral) ? ( ?? ) posterior (dorsal) ?
  ( ?? )
• medial ??, lateral ??
• internal ?, external ?
• superficial ?, profound ?
• proximal ??, distal ??
• ulnar ??, radial ??
• tibial ??,fibular ??

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Anatomical axes and planes (???)

• Axis ?
• Vertical axis ???
• Sagittal axis ???
• Coronal axis ???
• Plane?
• Sagittal plane ???
• Coronal plane ???
• Horizontal plane ???
• ?transverse plane ???

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The Locomotor System ????

• ?????bone ??joints???muscles ?????,?????60
• ??????
• ????????
• ????????
• ??
• support ??
• Protection ??
• Locomotion ??

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Introduction of the osteology ????

• Bones in adult are 206 in number.
• Classification of bone
• Bones are classified according to their
  position and shape
• The position can be
• skull ??
• bones of trunk ???
• appendicular skeleton ???
• Types of shape include
• long bone ??
• short bone ??
• flat bone ??
• irregular bone????

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• Long bones (found in limbs)
• Diaphysis or shaft ??,
• which is hollow (called medullary cavity
  ???), filled with bone marrow
• Two ends-epiphysis ? articular surface ???,
  metaphysis???, epiphysial cartilage ???, and
  epiphysial line ??
• Short bones cuboidal in shape, e.g. carpal bones

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• Flat bones thin,
• Irregular bones have any irregular or mixed
  shape, e.g. vertebrae, pneumatic bones???
• Sesamoid bones?? develop within tendon

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General structures of bone????

• Bone substance ??
• compact bone ???
• spongy bone ???
• ????,?trabeculae?????
• ?In the flat bones of the skull, the layers of
  compact bone are called the outer plate and inner
  plate?????, while the layer of spongy bone is
  called the diploë ??

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• Periosteum ??
• Outer or fibrous layer
• Inner layer is vascular and provides the
  underlying bone with nutrition. It also contains
  osteoblasts(????)
• Endosteum??? is a single-cellular osteogenic
  layer lining the inner surface of bone.
• Bone marrow ??
• Red marrow ??? haematopoietic ??
• Yellow marrow??? fatty

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Chemical composition and physical
properties?????????

• Organic material???
• ????????????????????,??????????
• Inorganic salts???
• ?????????????????

Organic material Inorganic salts
Children 1 1
Adult 3 7
Old 1 4
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Bones of trunk ???

• Composition vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum
  and ribs
• Vertebrae ??
• There are 33 vertebrae in children, arranged as
  follows
• Cervical vertebrae ?? C.7
• Thoracic vertebrae ?? T.12
• Lumbar vertebrae ?? L.5
• Sacral vertebrae ?? S.5 sacrum ??
• Coccygeal vertebrae ?? Co.34 coccyx??

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General features of vertebrae

• Vertebral body ??
• Vertebral arch ??
• pedicle of vertebral arch ??? sup. and inf.
  Vertebral notch
• ??????
• lamina of vertebral arch ???
• process (7)
• spinous process ??
• transverse process ??
• sup. and inf. articular processes
• ??????
• Vertebral foramen ??
• Vertebral canal ??
• Intervertebral foramen ???

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Regional variations of vertebrae

• Cervical vertebrae
• Vertebrae Body small
• Vertebral foramen larger and triangular
• Spinous processes
• short and bifid in C3 to C5, long in C6,and
  longer in C7
• Transverse processes
• short and bifid, transverse foramen???
• Articular processes horizontal

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Atypical vertebeae

• Atlas?? (C1)
• Body and spinous process absent, consists of
  anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral
  masses
• Groove for vertebral artery ????

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• Axis?? (C2) distinguished by dens?? which
  articulates with dental fovea of anterior arch of
  atlas

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• Carotid tubercle ????? anterior tubercle of
  transverse process of C6
• Vertebra prominens ??(C7)contains long and
  non-bifid spinous process, it is visible with
  neck flexed, used as clinical landmark in
  counting cervical and thoracic spinous processes

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Thoracic vertebrae

• Vertebrae Body
• heart-shape, superior and inferior costal
  fovea ?????
• Vertebral foramen
• smaller, rounder
• Spinous processes
• long, point obliquely downward
• Transverse processes
• transverse costal fovea ????
• Articular processes coronal

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Lumbar vertebrae

• Vertebrae Body
• larger, kidney-shape
• Vertebral foramen
• larger and triangular
• Spinous processes projects horizontally
• Transverse processes
• long
• Articular processes sagittal

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Sacrum

• Anterior surface
• promontory?, anterior sacral foramina ???(four
  pairs)
• Posterior surface
• median sacral crest ????, posterior sacral
  foramina (four pairs), sacral hiatus????,sacral
  cornu ??
• Lateral part
• auricular surface???, sacral tuberosity???

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Cornua
Sacral hiatus
palpation
Transsacral (epidural) anasthesia
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Sternum

• Manubrium sterni ??? jugular notch ?????,
  clavicular notch ???
• Body of sternum ???
• Xiphoid process
• ? Sternal angle ???
• the junction of manubrium and body, which
  connects 2nd costal cartilage laterally, and lies
  opposite lower border of T4 posteriorly

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? Sternal angle ???

• which connects 2nd costal cartilage laterally,
  and lies opposite lower border of T4 posteriorly

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Ribs? 12 pair

• General features
• Ribs 17 called true ribs??
• Ribs 810 called false ribs ??
• Ribs 1112 called floating ribs ??

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Characteristics of typical rib

• Posterior end costal head ??, costal neck??,
  costal tubercle???
• Shaft costal angle??, costal groove ??
• Anterior end

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Atypical rib

• First rib tubercle for scalenus
  anterior??????, sulcus for subclavian artery and
  vein ????????
• 11th and 12th ribs lack costal necks, tubercles
  and angles

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The Bones of Limbs

• ??????? ?????
• ???

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Bones of upper limbs

• Composition
• Should girdle ????clavicle??,scapula???
• Bones of free upper limb
• ?????
• Humerus?? in arm
• Radius?? and ulna?? in forearm
• Carpal??, metacarpals?? and phalanges?? in hand

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Clavicle ??

• S shaped, medial 2/3 convex forward and lateral
  1/3 convex backward
• Sternal end??? medially and acromial end???
  laterally

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Scapula ???

• Three borders
• Superior coracoid process ?? ,
• scapular notch ????
• Lateral (axillary) border??
• Medial (vertebral) border???
• Three angles
• Superior opposite to the 2nd rib
• Inferior opposite to the 7th rib or 7th
  intercostals space
• Lateral glenoid cavity???,
• supra- and infraglenoid tubercles ??????
• Two surfaces
• Anterior surface concave
• subscapular fossa????
• Posterior surface supra- and infraspinous
  fossae?????, spine of scapula ???, acromion ??

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Humerus ??

• Upper end head of humerus???, anatomical
  neck???, greater and lesser tubercles?????,
  crests of greater and lesser tubercle,
  ??????,intertubercular groove????, surgical
  neck???
• Shaft deltoid tuberosity?????on lateral surface,
  and a groove for radial nerve???? on posterior
  surface
• Lower end lateral and medial epicondyles?????,
  capitulum ????, trochlea ????, coranoid fossa
  ???and radial fossa ?? (anteriorly) and olecranon
  fossa??? (posteriorly), and sulcus for ulnar
  nerve ????

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Radius

• Upper end head of radius???, neck of radius???,
  radial tuberosity ????, and articular
  circumference?????
• Shaftinterosseous border???
• Lower end styloid process ??laterally, ulnar
  notch??? medially, and carpal articular
  surface???? inferiorly

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Fracture of the distal end pf the radius
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Ulnar

• Upper end
• olecranon??
• coronoid process ??
• trochlear notch????
• radial notch ???
• ulnar tubersity????
• Lower end
• styloid process ????
• head of ulna ???

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• Carpal bones ??
• Proximal row ? (lateral to medial) scaphoid???,
  lunate??, triquetral??? and pisiform???
• Distal row ? (lateral to medial) trapezium????,
  trapezoid????, capitate??? and hamate??
• Metacarpal bones??
• Numbered one to five from thumb to little finger
• Structure of each?base (proximally), shaft, and
  head (distally)
• Phalanges of fingers ??
• Consist of 14 ?two for first digit (thumb) and
  three for each of other four digits
• Structure of each ?base (proximally), shaft, and
  trochlea of phalanx (distally), tuberosity of
  distal phalanx??????

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Bones of Lower Limb

• Composition
• Pelvic girdle
• hip bone??
• Bones of free lower limb
• Femur?? in thigh ( patella??)
• Tibia?? and fibula?? in leg
• Tarsals??, metatarsals??, phalanges of toes?? in
  foot

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Hip bone

• Consisting of three fused bones,
• ilium, ischium, pubis
• Ilium??
• Body of ilium ???
• to form superior 2/5 of acetabulum??
• Ala of ilium ??? iliac crest ??, anterior
  superior iliac spine ????, anterior inferior
  iliac spine ????, tubercle of iliac crest???,
  posterior superior iliac spine ????,posterior
  inferior iliac spine ????, greater sciatic notch
  ?????, gluteal surface ??,iliac fossa ??, arcuate
  line???, auricular surface ???, iliac tuberosity
  ???,

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• Ischium ??
• Body of ischium ????to form posterior and
  inferior 2/5 of acetabulum, ischial spine???,
  lesser sciatic notch ?????
• Ramus of ischium ???, ischial tuberosity ????
• Pubis ??
• Body of pubis ????to form anterior and inferior
  1/5 of acetabulum, iliopubic eminence ????
• Superior ramus of pubis ???? pecten of pubis
  ???, pubic tubercle ????, pubic crest ???,
  symphysial surface?????
• Inferior ramus of pubis???? obturator foramen ??
• Acetabulum ???formed by bodies of ischium, ilium
  and pubis
• Lunate surface???, acetabular fossa???,
  acetabular notch????

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Femur ??

• Upper end femoral head???, fovea of femoral head
  ????, neck of femur ???, greater trochanter
  ???,lesser trochanter ???, intertrochanteric line
  ????, intertrochanteric crest ????
• Shaft linea aspera ??, gluteal tuberosity ????,
  pectineal line???? ,popliteal surface ??
• Lower end medial and lateral condyles?????,
  medial and lateral epicondyles?????, adductor
  tubercle ????, intercondylar fossa???, patellar
  surface??

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Fracture of the femoral neck
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Tibia ??

• Upper end medial and lateral condyles ?????,
  intercondylar eminence ????, fibular articular
  surface ????, tuberosity of tibia????
• Shaft interosseous border ???, soleal line ?????
• Lower end fibular notch???, medial malleolus ??

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Fibula ??

• Upper end fibular head ???,
• neck of fibula ???
• Shaft
• interosseous border???
• Lower end lateral malleolus ??
• Patella ??
• triangular sesamoid bone

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Tarsal bones ??

• Consist of seven short bones arranged in three
  row
• Posterior row ?talus ??, calcaneus ??
• Intermediate row ?navicular bone ???
• Anterior row ?medial, intermediate, and lateral
  cuneiforms ??????????, cuboid bone ??

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Metatarsal bones ??

• Consist of five elongated bones, numbered one to
  five medial to lateral
• Structure of each ?base (proximally), shaft, and
  head (distally) in each
• Phalanges of toes ??
• Consist of 14?two for first toe (hallux) and
  three for each of other four toes
• ?Surface landmarks
• trochlea of talus????,
• calcaneal tuberosity ????, tuberosity of
  navicular bone ????, and tuberosity of fifth
  metatarsal bone??????

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Skull?

• ????????????
• ???

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The skull is composed of 23 bones, which may be
divided into the cerebral cranium and facial
cranium

• Cerebral cranium ??(8) ?larger, upper and
  posterior part, contains and protects the brain
• Single bones include
• frontal bone ??,
• ethmoid bone ??,
• sphenoid bone ??,
• occipital bone ??
• Paired bones include temporal bone ??
• parietal bone ??

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• Bones of facial cranium ??(15) ?smaller, lower,
  and anterior part, contains bones that surrounded
  
• the eye, nose and mouth
• Single bones include
• mandible???,
• vomer ??
• hyoid bone??
• Paired bones include
• maxilla ???,
• nasal bone ??,
• lacrimal bone ??,
• palatine bone ??,
• zygomatic bone ??,
• inferior nasal concha ???

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parietal bone
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone
Zygomatic bone
Occipital bone
Nasal bone
Maxilla
Mandible
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Mandible???

• Body of mandible
• Superior border alveolar arch ???
• Inferior border base of mandible???
• Outer surface mental protuberance ???,
• mental foramen ??
• Inner surface mental spine??,
• digastric fossa????
• Ramus has two vertical processes
• separated by mandibular notch????
• Coronoid process ??
• Condylar process ??
• head of mandible ???
• neck of mandible ???
• Mandibular foramen ???,
• mandibular lingula????
• Angle of mandible???
• Masseteric tuberocity ????

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The skull as a whole ?????

• Skull viewed from above (superior view)
• Bones frontal?, paired parietal?, occipital?
• Sutures
• coronal???,
• sagittal ???,
• lambdoid???
• parietal tuber ???, parietal foramen??
• Internal surface of the calvaria
• sulcus for superior sagittal sinus?????
• granular foveola ????
• arterial grooves ???
• Skull viewed from behind
• external occipital protuberance
• ????
• superior nuchal line???

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Internal view of base of skull ?????

• Base of skull forms three fossae
• Anterior cranial fossa
• ???
• Meddle cranial fossa
• ???
• Posterior cranial fossa
• ???

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Anterior cranial fossa ???

• Formed by orbital part of frontal bone,
  cribriform plate of ethmoid, and lesser wings of
  sphenoid
• Structures
• frontal crest??
• foramen cecum ??
• crista galli ??
• cribriform plate ??
• cribriform foramina ??

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Meddle cranial fossa ???

• Formed by the body and greater wings of sphenoid,
  petrous part of temporal
• Structures
• body of sphenoid bone
• ???
• hypophysial fossa ???
• optic canal ????
• anterior clinoid process
• ???
• tuberculum sellae ???
• dorsum sellae ??
• posterior clinoid process
• ???
• sella turcica ??

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Meddle cranial fossa ???

• carotid sulcus ????
• superior orbital fissure ???
• foramen rotundum ??
• foramen ovale ???
• foramen spinosum ??
• sulcus for middle meningeal
• artery ??????
• foramen lacerum ???
• internal opening of carotid
• canal ?????
• trigeminal impression
• ??????
• tegmen tympani ???

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Posterior cranial fossa ???

• Formed by occipital and the petrous part of
  temporal
• Structures
• foramen magnum ????
• clivus ??
• internal opening of
• hypoglossal canal ???????
• internal occipital protuberance
• ????
• internal occipital crest???
• sulcus for transverse sinus ???
• sulcus for sigmoid sinus ????
• jugular foramen ????
• internal acoustic pore ???
• internal acoustic meatus ???

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Skull seen from below (inferior view)

• alveolar arch ???
• bony palate ??
• median palatine suture ????
• incisive foramina ???
• incisive canal ???
• greater palatine foramen ???
• posterior nasal apertures ???
• pterygoid process ??
• occipital condyle ??
• external opening of hypoglossal canal ???????
• external opening of carotid canal ??????
• styloid process ??
• stylomastoid foramen ???
• mandibular fossa ???
• articular tubercle ????

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Lateral view of the skull ????

• external acoustic pore
• ???
• mastoid process ??
• zygomatic arch ??
• temporal fossa ??
• pterion ??
• pterygomaxillary fissure
• ????
• pterygopalatine fossa ???
• sphenopalatine foramen ???

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Skull viewed from the front (anterior view)?????

• Frontal region
• frontal squama ??
• frontal tuber ???
• superciliary arch ??
• glabella ??

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Orbit ?

• pyramid-shaped paired cavities
• Base supraorbital notch ???? infraorbital
  foramen ???
• Apex optic canal ????
• Walls
• Superior
• fossa for lacrimal gland ???
• Medial
• fossa for lacrimal sac ???
• Inferior
• infraorbital fissure ???
• infraorbital groove ???
• infraorbital canal ???

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Bony nasal cavity ????

• Roof cribriform plate of ethmoid
• Floor bony palate
• Lateral wall
• Three nasal conchae (superior,
• middle and inferior) ???????
• Nasal meatus underlying each concha (superior,
  middle and inferior)
• ???????
• Sphenoethmoidal recess????
• above superior nasal concha
• Anterior ?piriform aperture ???
• Posterior ?posterior nasal aperture ???
  communicates with pharynx

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Paranasal sinuses ???

• Frontal sinus ??
• Lies in frontal bone, deep to superciliary arch
• Drain to anterior part of middle meatus

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• Maxillary sinus ???
• Largest paired sinus, lie in the body of maxilla
• Opening into middle nasal meatus

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• Ethmoidal cellules ??
• Lie in ethmoidal bone, contains large number of
  air cells, divided into anterior, middle and
  posterior groups
• Anterior and middle groups drain into middle
  nasal meatus, while posterior group drains into
  superior nasal meatus
• Sphenoidal sinus ??
• Lies in body of sphenoid bone
• Drain into sphenoethmoidal recess

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General characters of the skull at birth

• The skull at birth is large in proportion to rest
  of the skeleton ?1/4 (adult 1/7)
• The facial portion equals about one eight that of
  the cranium in size, whereas in adult it is one
  half (1/4)
• Many bones consist of more than one piece
• Cranial frontanelles ?unossified membrane between
  the bones at the angles of parietal
• Anterior frontanelle ?closes during middle of 2nd
  year
• Posterior frontanelle ?closes by the end of 2nd
  month after birth
• Mastoid fontanelle
• Sphenoidal fontanelle