TRAINING REPORT GSM TECHNOLOGY

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TRAINING REPORT
GSM TECHNOLOGY
IN TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT
TATA TELESERVICES LTD, NOIDA.
SUBMITTED BY MILAN KUMAR
GUPTA VTH SEMESTER (3RD
YEAR) B.Tech. (ELECTRONICS
COMMUNICATION)
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COMPANY PROFILE
Tata Group is an Indian multinational
conglomerate company headquartered in the Bombay
House in Mumbai, India. In terms of market
capitalization and revenues, Tata Group is the
largest private corporate group in India. It has
interests in communications and information
technology, engineering, materials, services,
energy, consumer products and chemicals. The Tata
Group has operations in more than 80 countries
across six continents and its companies export
products and services to 80 nations. The Tata
Group comprises 114 companies and subsidiaries in
eight business sectors, 27 of which are publicly
listed. 65.8 of the ownership of Tata Group is
held in charitable trusts. Companies which form a
major part of the group include Tata
Steel (including Tata Steel Europe), Tata
Motors (including Jaguar and Land Rover), Tata
Consultancy Services, Tata Technologies, Tata
Tea(including Tetley), Tata Chemicals, Industries,
Tata, Tata Communications, Tata Sons, Tata
Teleservices and the Taj Hotels.
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• TATA LEADERSHIP IN DIVERSE INDUSTRIES
• The world's largest integrated tea operation-Tata
  Tea

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• Asias largest software exporter-TCS

• The world sixth largest manufacturer of watches
  Titan

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• Indias largest private sector steel
  producer-Tata Steel

• Largest 5-star chain of luxury hotels in
  India-Indian Hotels

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• Indias largest manufacturer of soda ash-Tata
  Chemical

• TATA Motors is leading company of the world

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INTRODUCTION TO CELLULAR GROWTH FATHER OF
TELEPHONE Alexander Graham Bell IN 1876,
Alexander Graham Bell patented his telephone, a
device for carrying actual voice over wires the
term cellular usually refers to wireless service
that uses the 850 MHz block of frequencies. The
term mobile refers to any wireless telephone. The
terms mobile user and cellular user are
synonymous.
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Various Mobile
Technologies
CDMA(Code Division Multiple Access) In the CDMA
scheme, the digital information from each user is
allowed to access the system simultaneously (as
each user requests) using the same frequency
spectrum. Frequency division is still used, but a
large bandwidth is used for each carrier. A user
channel in CDMA is defined by a specific code
and an associated carrier frequency. The user
code is correlated against the receive signal to
recover only the information specific to that
user. The capacity of a CDMA system is governed
by the amount of interference in the environment
that the receiver can tolerate before it is
unable to recover the desired user information.
3G Third generation (3G) networks were conceived
from the Universal Mobile Telecommunications
Service (UMTS) concept for high speed networks
for enabling a variety of data intensive
applications.  3G systems consist of the two main
standards, CDMA2000 and W-CDMA.
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GSM Vs CDMA
What is the difference between GSM and CDMA? The
comparison of GSM vs CDMA is very useful and
interesting from buyer's as well as student's
perspective. The following article on GSM vs CDMA
will help you to understand the differences
between these two technologies.
Call Quality This is an area where CDMA scores
substantially over GSM. Statistics are hugely in
favor of CDMA. Various factors such as echoes,
call dropping, or voice distortion are almost
non-existent in CDMA, whereas in GSM, there is a
high probability of errors. To give you an
analogy, the bus on the street will continue to
ply even when it's full, but if the honeycomb has
reached full capacity, the honey cannot be
deposited.GSM vs CDMA Call Qality Score CDMA
scores. Goal count 0-1.
Carriers GSM is one up on CDMA as far as
carriers are concerned. The law requires CDMA
carriers to provide handsets to users, for which
the users cannot change their carriers. Whereas,
GSM users can change their carriers whenever they
want.GSM vs CDMA Carriers Score GSM scores.
Goal count 1-1.
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Network It's an on-going battle between the two.
Both the technologies are continuously improving
the qualities of their network and adding various
aspects to it as well. GSM vs CDMA Network
Score Both score. Goal count 2-2.Worldwide
There is a special number that every GSM
compatible device in the world can call in case
of an emergency. That number is 112. But in CDMA,
this cannot be implemented because of certain
technological limitations.GSM vs CDMA Worldwide
Score GSM scores. Goal count 3-2Battery Life
GSM, being a relatively simpler technology, uses
less amount of cell phone battery than CDMA.GSM
vs CDMA Battery Life Score GSM scores. Goal
count 4-2
Coverage GSM and CDMA, both have similar network
coverage areas. They are present almost
everywhere. The service providers of both
technologies are striving hard to cover whatever
inches that are left.GSM vs CDMA Coverage
Score Both score. Goal count 5-3
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Speed Both GSM and CDMA are rapidly improving
their capabilities in this regard. Both have
introduced 3G mobile phones in their fold. Both
are competing to gain space in this area. GSM
vs CDMA Speed Score Both score. Goal count
6-4Building Penetration Again, in initial
days, both technologies couldn't find building
penetration, but after research in signaling
systems, and through experience, service
providers of both technologies have been able to
give decent service to the mobile phones in
buildings.GSM vs CDMA Penetration Score Both
score. Goal count 7-5
GSM vs CDMA Which is Better?Both have their
good qualities and bad qualities. GSM has some
limitations where call quality is concerned, but
GSM can be easily implemented and easily
integrated into existing technology. Whereas,
CDMA is little difficult to implement. By my
estimation, GSM has an upper hand. So, the answer
to the question, "GSM vs CDMA which is better?"
is GSM. More on
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GSM(Global System for Mobile Communication)
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• WHAT IS GSM
• GSM is a 2G technology that was developed to
  solve the fragmentation problems.
• GSM is the worlds first cellular system to
  specify digital modulation.
• It is a most popular 2G technology.

• OBJECTIVE
• To allow roaming within European countries.
• To allow interaction with ISDN(Integrated Service
  Data Network).

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• FEATURES
• SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)
• SIM is a memory device that stores information
  such as Subscribers identification number,
  Privacy keys User specific information.
• SIM has 4 digits PIN which subscriber must key in
  to activate service from any GSM phone.
• Called number is not associated with MS but is
  linked to the SIM.
• Control of transmission power.
• Frequency hopping.
• Discontinuous transmission.
• Mobile Assisted Hand over (MAHO).
• Support of Short Message Service (SMS).

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GSM ARCHITECTURE
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• GSM ARCHITECTURE

Network Switching Subsystem
Base Station Subsystem
Public Networks
AUC
VLR
HLR
BTS
PSTN
BTS
BSC
MS
ME
BTS
SIM
MSC
ISDN
BTS
Data Network
BTS
BSC
Operation Support Subsystem
BTS
OMC
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GSM ARCHITECTURE

• GSM Architecture consists of four major parts.
• 1.      Mobile Station (MS).
• 2.      Base Station Subsystem (BSS).
• 3.      Network Switching Subsystem.
• 4.      Operation Support Subsystem.
•  
• 1.      Mobile Station (MS)
• The MS consists of Mobile Equipment (ME) SIM.
• At the time of manufacture, an International
  Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) is programmed
  into ME.
• A SIM is required to activate GSM ME.
• The International Mobile Subscriber Identity
  (IMSI) is programmed into SIM along with
  security parameters algorithms.
• The called number is not linked to ME but to
  SIM.

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GSM ARCHITECTURE

•  
• 2.      Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
• The BSS consists of
• A.     Base Station Controller (BSC).
• B.     Base Transceiver Station (BTS).
• FUNCTIONS
• A. Channel Management.
• Configuration of channel with respect to use as
  speech, data or signaling channel.
• Selection, allocation release of channel.
• Monitoring of channel.
• Encryption. 
• B. Frequency Hopping power control.
• Assignment of frequency hops sequence start
  time.
• Assignment of Effective Radiated Power values to
  mobile stations.
• C. Handoff Management.
• Collect signal quality data from adjacent BSSs.
• Analyze signal quality data determine when to
  handoff.
• Keep MSC informed regarding handoff activity
•  

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GSM ARCHITECTURE

• 3.      Network Switching Subsystem.
• The NSS consists of
• A.     Mobile Switching Center (MSC).
• B.     HLR database.
• C.     VLR database.
• D.     AuC database. 
• A. Mobile Switching Center (MSC).
• It handles the switching of GSM calls between
  external networks (PSTN, ISDN) BSCs.
• MSC Functions.
• Call setup, supervision and release.
• Call routing.
• Billing information collection.
• Mobility management.
• Paging alerting.
• Management of radio resources during call.
• Manage connections to BSS, other MSCs
  PSTN/ISDN.
• Interrogation of appropriate registers.
•  
•  

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GSM ARCHITECTURE

• B. Home Location Register (HLR).
• The HLR is centralized database that holds
  permanent data of mobile subscriber.
• Generally one HLR per operator.
• The HLR is kept updated with the current
  locations of subscribers, including those who may
  have roamed to another network operator within or
  outside country.
• HLR maintains following database.
• 1.      IMSI.
• 2.      Service subscription information.
• 3.      Service restrictions.
• 4.      Supplementary services subscribed.
• 5.      Mobile terminal characteristics.
• 6. Billing/Accounting information

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GSM ARCHITECTURE

• C. Visitor Location Register (VLR).
• The VLR is a database which temporarily stores
  the IMSI customer information for each roaming
  subscriber who is visiting the coverage area of a
  particular MSC.
• Generally one VLR per MSC.
• VLR maintains following database.
• 1.      Features currently activated.
• 2.      Temporary Mobile Station Identity.
• 3.      Current location info about MS.
• Once roaming subscriber logged in the VLR, the
  MSC sends necessary information to the visiting
  subscribers HLR so that calls to the roaming
  mobile can be routed over the PSTN by the roaming
  users HLR.
• Even if the subscriber is in the area covered by
  its home MSC, it is entered in that particular
  VLR.

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GSM ARCHITECTURE

• D. Authentication Centre (AuC).
• As the radio interface and mobile stations are
  very vulnerable to malicious misuse, a separate
  Authentication Centre (AuC) has been defined to
  protect user identity and data transmission.
• The authentication centre is strongly protected
  database which is generally associated with HLR.
• It contains algorithm for authentication as well
  as keys for encryption and generates the values
  needed for user authentication in the HLR.
•  
• E. Equipment Identity Register (EIR).
• The authentication centre contains a register
  called the EIR.
• The EIR maintains information to authenticate
  terminal equipment so that fraud, stolen
  terminals can be identified and denied services.
• The information is in the form of White (valid
  terminal), Gray (Malfunctioning terminals)
  Black (Stolen terminals).

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GSM ARCHITECTURE

• 4. Operation Support Subsystem (OSS).
• The OSS supports one or several Operations
  Maintains Centers (OMCs) which are used to
  monitor maintain the performance of each MS,
  BSC, MSC within a GSM system.
• The OMC also has provision for adjusting all
  base station parameters billing procedures, as
  well as for providing system operators with the
  ability to determine the performance integrity
  of each piece of equipment in the system.

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GSM INTERFACES
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GSM INTERFACES
GSM Radio Air Interface
A bis Interface
A Interface
SS7
BTS
MSC
MS
BSC
ME
BTS
PSTN
SIM
BTS
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GSM INTERFACES

• 1. Air Interface
• The Air Interface is the common radio interface
  between the MS BTS enabling
  communication between MS BTS.
• 2. A-bis Interface
• The A-bis interface connects a BTS to BSC.
• It carries traffic maintenance data.
• It is standardized by GSM for all manufacturers.
• However the A-bis for all GSM manufacturers have
  small differences, thereby forcing service
  providers to use the same manufacturer for the
  BTS BSC equipment.
• 3. A Interface
• The A Interface connects BSC MSC.
• A Interface is standardized by GSM uses SS7
  protocol.
• A Interface allows service provider to use BTS
  MSC from different manufacturer.

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