Migrations:

1

• Migrations
• Why, Where, and the Impact of the Movement
  of Peoples

2
THE THEME OF MIGRATION AND ETHNIC MOVEMENT
3
Reasons for Migration

• Push Factors
• Negative conditions at home
• Real conditions
• Perceived conditions
• Impel the decision to migrate
• Pull Factors
• Positive attributes in destination
• Real opportunities
• Perceived opportunities
• Pull the immigrant to move

4

• Push Factors
• Not enough jobs
• Few opportunities
• "Primitive" conditions
• Political fear
• Not being able to practice religion
• Poor medical care
• Loss of wealth
• Natural disasters
• Death threats
• Slavery
• Pollution
• Poor housing
• Landlords
• Poor chances of finding courtship
• War conditions in area

• Pull Factors
• Job opportunities
• Better living conditions
• Political and/or religious freedom
• Enjoyment
• Education
• Better medical care
• Security
• Family links
• Better chances of finding courtship
• Get rich easily

5
Laws of Migration

• Economic factors are main cause
• Lose of job or job opportunities
• Better pasture, farm land more pay
• Counter-migration
• Every migration flow generates return migration
• Many people go abroad to work, study temporarily
• Majority of migrants move short distance
• Urbanization is the most common
• Moving for a job locally is another
• Urbanization
• Migrants moving long distances choose big-city
  destinations
• In 19th, 20th century the number one fact of
  migration
• Urban residents less migratory than rural
  residents
• Cities offer too many opportunities and benefits
• If one immigrates, one tends to go urban to urban
  not to rural
• The youth migrate
• Families less likely to make international moves
  than young adults
• Rare to see whole family migration

6
Different Scales

• Inter-continental migrations
• African Slave Trades
• Irish Diaspora
• Indentured labor from Asia to Africa, Asia,
  Pacific
• Intra-continental migrations
• Indo-European Migration
• Bantu Migrations
• Hunnic Migrations
• Peopling of Americas and Globe
• Inter-regional migrations
• Guest workers going to Europe
• Illegal migrant workers to the USA
• Rural to urban migration
• Urbanization is an example
• Local residential shifts
• Suburbanization
• Neighborhood relocations

7
Motives of Migration

• Innovative move
• Migrant undertakes new way of life
• Willing to change life styles
• Willing to give up old traditions
• 19th c. immigration to Americas
• Conservative move
• Preserves accustomed way of life
• Simply changes location
• Puritan migration to New England
• Malayo-Polynesian migration out of China

8
Types of Migration

• Home Community
• Movement from one place to another within their
  community
• Most common form of migration
• Distance measure in yards and miles
• Associated with youth leaving home, jobs,
  marriage
• Examples include matri- and patrilocal, as well
  as modern USA
• Colonization
• People leaves older community to establish a new
  one in another place
• Desire is to create an exact replica of an
  existing culture elsewhere
• Greek, Phoenician, Early Modern European
  colonization are examples
• Whole-Community or Mass Migration
• An entire community migrates to a new land
• Often migration in response to environmental
  conditions
• Nomadic migration including seasonal migration
  for flocks
• Can also include mass migration to avoid war or
  forced migration
• Generally a low level of community development
• Examples include the Germanic Migration, Irish
  Diaspora
• Cross-Community

9
Patterns of migration

• Step migration
• Series of small, less extreme locational changes
• Bantu, Hunnic, Polynesian migration examples
• People move to one location, stay for a while
• For some reason, migrate again to another
  location
• Chain migration
• Established linkage or chain
• From point of origin to destination
• Former Migrants assist latest migrants
• Chinese, Hindu labor migration of 19th, 20th
  centuries
• Jewish, Armenian diasporas similar
• Migration Fields
• Areas that dominate a locale's in- and
  out-migration patterns

10
Limitations on Migration

• Political restrictions
• Many countries have restrictions
• Some have entry quotas
• Some have exit requirements
• Geographical restrictions
• Distance and transport
• Physical barriers to movement
• Opportunities of Costs
• What do I gain, what do I lose
• Personal characteristics

11
Genographic Project

• DNA studies suggest
• All humans come from group of African ancestors
  who began moving about 60,000 years ago
• Project to chart new knowledge on migratory
  history of human species through 2010
• Led by National Geographic and IBM with
  cutting-edge genetic/computational technologies
• Components of project
• Gather field research data from indigenous and
  traditional peoples
• Invite general public to join
• Use proceeds to further field research and
  support indigenous conservation and
  revitalization projects
• Project is anonymous, non-medical, non-political,
  non-profit and non-commercial and all results
  will be placed in public domain following
  scientific peer publication

12
ORGANIZING IMMIGRATION
13
How To Teach Migration

• Assign Readings
• Use classroom text and assign sections on
  migrations
• Reinforce with readings from the College Board
  and Professional Sources including primary
  sources
• Provide charts to organize information
• Lecture
• Teach the background of migration
• Cover a few important examples of migration
• Guided Practice
• Work with students to compare/contrast migration
• Independent Study
• Assign students different migrations to research
• Present study to class students take notes

14
Migrations To Teach

• Which ones to teach
• Any migration mentioned in CB Guide
• Why many books do not do them justice
• Examples
• Spread of Pre-Historic Humans
• Indo-European in Eurasia
• Bantu Peoples in Africa
• Later Steppe Peoples Xiong-nu, Turks, Mongols
• The Malayo-Polynesian Movements
• Jewish Diaspora (totally left out of most books)
• Germans and Vikings

15
Migrations To Research

• Semitic Migrations Hebrew, Arabs, etc.
• Mediterranean Seafarers Sea Peoples, Greeks,
  Phoenicians
• The Celts
• 9th Century Migrations Arab, Viking, Magyar
• The Slavic Migrations
• Drang Nach Osten German Colonization of the
  Baltic
• The Turks
• The Pre-Historic Peopling of the Americas
• Manifest Destinies US to the West, Russians in
  Siberia, Boer Great Trek
• Chinese Settlement of the Interior
• Mfekane in Southern Africa
• Relocations of the American Indians
• European Colonization of the Americas
• Chinese, Indian Debt Labor Movements of the 19th,
  20th century
• 19th, 20th century Immigration to the Americas

16
Create a ChartApply the 5 Themes of Geography
to Migration
Location Characteristics of Place Movement Human Environment Interaction Region
Select one immigrant group and apply the Five Themes of Geography as a paradigm of analysis Identify place of origins of immigrants and places to which they migrated include any intermediate locations of re-immigration Identify cultural characteristics of migratory groups Identify push and pull factors which influenced immigrant movement identify types of movement and patterns to immigration Identify the interactions between the immigrants and locations to which they moved as well as the impact of the immigrants on their new homes Describe limitations on immigration both in their places of origins and their places of migration
17
Create a ChartApply SCRIPTED to Migration
SOCIAL CULTURAL RELIGIOUS INTERACTIONS
Describe social patterns of gender and hierarchy within the migrant community Identify cultural institutions of the migrant community and their contributions to their new homes Identify religious and intellectual trends of the immigrant community Describe any interactions produced by movement of the group including trade, disease, exchanges and war
POLITICAL TECHNOLOGICAL ECONOMIC DEMOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT
Describe politcial structures and reactions to the immigrant communities Identify and describe technological aspects associated with immigration Describe factors helping and hindering immigration Identify demographic factors related to immigration and the impact of immigration on regions
18
Create a ChartCompare and Contrast Migrations
First Migration Second Migration Identify Similarities and Differences Analyze reasons for similarities and differences
Reasons and Causes of Immigration
Destinations of Migration
Interactions between migrant groups and groups in region
19
Pre-Historic MigrationOut of Africa The
Peopling of the World
c. 2 million BCE To 15,000 BCE
20
Humans Spread Across Globe

• Hominids
• Arose in Africa 1-2 million years ago
• Migrated throughout Eurasia
• Homo-Sapiens
• As a species arose c. 300,000 years ago
• Arose in East Africa, The Horn of Africa
• Hunter-Gatherer Society
• Nomads followed game, gathered seeds
• Conduits across Strait of Gibraltar, Sinai
• Southwest Asia reached c. 70,000 BCE
• East Asia reached c. 60,000 BCE
• Australia reached c. 50,000 BCE
• Europe reached c. 40,000 BCE
• North America reached c. 20,000 BCE
• South America reached c. 15,000 to c. 12,000 BCE
• All Pacific Islands not reached until c. 1000 CE
• Proof
• We use DNA, genetic drift, chromosomes,
  archaeology as proof
• We look at languages and linguistics

21
Out of Africa Migration
22
Out of Africa Migration
23
Migration of Homo Sapiens
24
Human Fossil Record
25
EARLYAFRICANMIGRATIONS

• Up and Down the Nile, Out from the Deserts

26
Late Paleolithic Africa

• The Sahara as a Factor
• Late Paleolithic Sahara
• End of glacial period produced rain
• Split Saharan into North, South
• Northern Sahara
• Was a desert
• Largely uninhabited
• Southern Sahara
• Tropical monsoons much stronger
• Tropical savannah, several very large lakes
• During Early Neolithic Era
• Zone stretched from Atlantic to Nile River
• Domesticated animals with pastoral societies
• Some plants, early agriculture along Nile
• Megalithic architecture and rock art
• Dramatic Climate Change
• Drastic climate change
• Southern Sahara began to dry up
• People migrated out

27
North Northwest Africa

• Paleolithic Peoples
• Afro-Asiatic
• Caucasian race
• Two major sub-groups
• Semitic, Hamitic
• Locations
• Along Southern Mediterranean
• Down Red Sea to Ethiopia
• Also in Horn of Africa
• Hamitic
• Berbers and Tuaregs
• Ancient
• Libyans
• Mauretanians
• Numidians
• Garamantes
• Egyptians
• Cushitic (Kush-Meroe)
• Oromo, Amhara, Tigreans (Ethiopians)

28
Migrations along Nile

• Lower Nile
• Prehistoric migrations
• Egyptians (Afro-Asiatic) from North up the Nile
• Proto-Kushite (Negroid) from South up the Nile
• Berber, Nilotic pastoral nomads from Deserts
  towards Nile
• Historic Egypt controlled Upper and Lower Nile
• Old, Middle Kingdoms united Upper, Lower Egypt
• No distinction in early Egyptian history between
  different peoples
• Separate Paths
• The Semitic Hyksos created the division,
  separation
• 1720 BCE overran Egypt, severing contact with
  Kush
• Separate Black Egyptian state, culture developed
  at Kermah
• New Kingdom re-incorporated area in empire
• By 1200 BCE New Kingdom lost control of Kush
• Egyptians lost control of region for 500 years
• Upper Nile
• Early Kushites
• Called Nubians and Kushites by Egyptians
• Saharan-Nilotic peoples indigenous to Upper Nile
  for 10,000 years

29
Migrations in the Horn

• Many Unknowns
• Earliest people
• Afro-Asiatic people called Cushites
• Nearest Relatives Egyptians, Berbers
• Distant Relatives Arabs, Jews, Sabeans
• Skin color is a light to dark reddish brown
• Modern Descendents
• Ethiopians, Tigreans, Amhara
• Somali, Oromo
• Eritreans
• Nilo-Saharans
• Migrated into the area very early and settled
  early along Nile
• Also migrated toward Ethiopian highlands
• Kush-Meroe, Nubians were black Nilo-Saharans
• Color of skin much darker, black
• Intermarried with Cushites pushing down from
  highlands
• Language, Haplogroup are best guides not race,
  skin color
• Contain both Semitic, Nilo-Saharan words
• Axumite Geez related to Southern Arabian Script

30
AncientandClassicalMovements In Africa
Human Migration in Classical Africa
Cattle Migration In Africa
31
Early Desert Trade

• Early Trade
• Ancient Egypt
• Trade up and down Nile
• Gold, spices, animals, wheat, slaves
• Desert Routes
• Dar el-Arbain from desert along river
• Ghadames Niger (Gao) north to Tripoli
• Garamantean Central Sahara across Haggar Mts.
• Walata Road From Senegal along Atlas to Morocco
• The Garamantes
• Both Greeks, Phoenicians record their presence c.
  500 BCE
• A Berber Saharan tribe, pastoral nomads
• Developed a thriving trading state until 5th
  century CE
• Developed extensive irrigation system
• Controlled trade between Sahara, Mediterranean
  Coast
• Constant conflict constantly with Romans
• Increasing desertification destroyed their land,
  dried up water
• The Camel
• Introduced by Romans c. 200 CE to patrol desert
  borders

32
The Berber Garamantes
33
Was the Desert a barrier?
34
The Government Would Like You To Move to This
New Place

• Historical Colonial Movements of Peoples

35
What is colonization?

• Definition
• Extension of sovereign control over neighboring
  territory
• Colonialism The physical settlement of your
  people abroad
• Imperialism Control land to exploit resources
  but no settlement
• National populations resettled onto conquered
  lands
• Indigenous populations displaced, assimilated,
  eliminated
• Local labor resources controlled, markets
  exploited
• New socio-economic, linguistic, religious,
  culture introduced
• Types
• Settler Colonies Some Examples
• Phoencians, Greeks, and Romans
• Arabs, Turks, Mongols, and Ottomans
• Malayo-Polynesians
• Bantu and Berbers in Africa
• Chinese in Western lands, Germans in Eastern
  lands
• English in Ireland
• Dependencies
• Lands under control of a foreign state but not
  settled by its people

36
Phoenicians Carthaginians

• Original Home of Phoenicians c. 1000 BCE
• Coast of Eastern Mediterranean near Lebanon
• Mountainous area with little arable soil
• Interior controlled by powerful states
• Cities arose on the coast oriented outward
• Movement
• Trade began to obtain needed materials
• Sufficient trees provide materials to build boats
• Phoenicians became sailors and maritime experts
• Acquire raw materials and make finished goods for
  trade
• Famous for cloth, purple dye, metallurgy
• Overpopulation
• Excess population immigrates to establish new
  settlements
• Phoenicians settle Cyprus, southern coasts of
  Western Mediterranean
• Rivalry with Greeks for Mediterranean Sea, trade,
  settlement
• Carthaginian Empire, c. 600 to 200 BCE
• Arose as original homeland fell under various
  empires
• Settles Western Sicily, Sardinia, Baleric
  Islands, Southern Spain
• Exploits rich crop lands for wine, olives

37
Punic Trade Colonization
38
As Greeks

• Minoans and Mycenaean
• Maritime Civilization arose on Crete
• New archaeological evidence indicates
  Indo-Iranian origins
• Established colonies throughout Aegean Sea
• Traded with Phoenicians and Egyptians
• Land-Based Mycenaeans
• Bronze Age Indo-Europeans migrated into
  Peloponnesus
• Contemporaneous to Minoans with whom traded,
  warred
• Many settlements in Aegean Islands, Asia Minor
• Dark Age Migrations of the Greeks
• c. 1000 BCE new tribes (Dorians) pushed into
  region
• Followed later by Attics, Aeolians, Achaeans,
  others
• Established numerous independent city-states
• Early Greece 750 BCE
• Greece stabilized and population began to grow
• Land could not support excess population
• Greeks began tradition of sending excess
  populations to sister colonies
• Many of these colonies achieved independence,
  rose to prominence
• Spread culture, crops, religion, traditions,
  language across Mediterranean

39
Greek World
40
Greek Thassalocracies

• Maritime Poleis
• Several poleis established many overseas
  dependencies
• Sister colonies retained strong connections to
  mother polis
• Included Athens, Corinth, Megara, Phocea
• Classical Greece was geographically wide-spread
• Greece Proper and islands of the Aegean including
  Asia Minor, Cyprus
• Eastern Sicily and Southern Italian coasts,
  harbors
• Ports, settlements along all coasts of the Black
  Sea
• Ports, harbors, islands in Spain, France,
  Northern Italy, Libya
• Larger Thassalocracies
• Athenian Empire came to dominate Aegean, Black
  Seas
• Arose after war with Persia
• Delian League against Persia forcibly turned into
  an Athenian Empire
• Athens controlled Dardanelles, most islands of
  Aegean
• Corinth was a major rival of Athens in Ionian,
  Adriatic Seas
• Syracuse (Sicily) rose to power and controlled
  much of Southern Italy
• Result Greeks settled throughout Mediterranean,
  neighboring seas

41
The Hellenistic World

• Alexanders World
• He founds Greek cities as his armies advance
• Greek administrators, soldiers, merchants migrate
  in wake
• Greek ruled states arose within his failed empire
• Successor Hellenistic Monarchies
• Greek cities throughout their states
• Greek predominate language of area
• Greeks formed elite settler society

42
From Etruscans to Romans

• The Etruscans
• Elite aristocracy migrated from Asia Minor
• Established city-states thoughout Tuscany
• Etruscan colonies on Corsica, Sardinia, Po
  Valley, Campana
• Roman Republic to Roman Empire
• 753 509 BCE Etruscan Kingdom Rome founded as
  Etruscan colony
• Roman patricians overthrow Etruscans, establish
  republic, expand
• Rome expanded to control Latium, other Latin
  tribes, later Italy
• Extended Roman rights to many conquered peoples
• Coloniae civium Romanorum
• Settled Roman with full rights, citizenship
  acted as governors of territories
• Tended to be small with 300 Roman families
• Latin Colonies
• Settlements of Romans, Latin allies in colonies
  with partial rights
• Military colonies designed to control, maintain
  empire
• After 133 BCE
• New Roman colonies are transplantations of poor,
  landless Roman population
• Settled as agricultural colonies to give poor,
  ex-farmers new land
• Often settled in territories outside of Italy

43
Roman Colonia

• First Roman Colonies

Colonia spread Latin culture, language and
were usually located at critical geographic sites
that later became major cities.
44
The Vandal Migration

• The Volkerwanderung 400 CE
• Entered Roman territory
• Many embraced Christianity
• Few were Roman Catholics
• Most followed Arian Christianity
• Crossed into Gaul
• Battled the Franks, forced Vandals to move into
  Iberia
• Crossed into region as Roman feoderati
• Settled Galicia, Western, Southern areas
• Into Africa
• Crossed Strait of Gibraltar to use it as a base
• 439 CE conquered Carthage, made it capital
• Settled area around modern Tunis, Eastern Algeria
• Conquered Sardinia, Sicily, Corsica sacked Rome
  455
• Created a powerful state
• Later State
• Suffered conflicts between Catholics, Arians
• Byzantines invaded, conquered area in 534

45
Mapping Vandal Movement
46
THE BANTU MIGRATIONS

• Out of Nigeria, Movement in the South

47
EARLY MOVEMENT IN AFRICA
48
The Early Bantus

• The Bantu peoples
• Originated in the region around modern
  Nigeria/Cameroon
• Influenced by Nok iron making, herding,
  agriculture
• Population pressure drove migrations, 2000 BCE
  700 BCE
• Two major movements to south and to east and
  then south
• Languages split into about 500 distinct but
  related tongues
• Bantu agriculture and herding
• Early Bantu relied on agriculture slash-burn,
  shifting
• Pastoralists, semi-nomadic due to agriculture,
  cattle
• Iron metallurgy
• Iron appeared during the 7th and 6th centuries
  B.C.E.
• Iron made agriculture more productive
• Expanded divisions of labor, specialization in
  societies
• Population Pressures
• Iron technologies produced population upsurge
• Large populations forced migration of Bantu

49
MAPPING THE BANTU MIGRATIONS
50
Movement Spreads Other Items

• The Bantu Migration
• Population pressure led to migration, c. 2000
  B.C.E.
• Movement to South, along Southeast and Southwest
  coasts
• Languages differentiated into about 500 distinct
  but related tongues
• Occupied most of sub-Saharan (except West) Africa
  by 1000 C.E.
• Split into groups as they migrated Eastern,
  Central, Southern
• Bantu spread iron, herding technologies as they
  moved
• Bananas
• Between 300/500 C.E., Malay seafarers reached
  Africa
• Settled in Madagascar, visited East African coast
• Brought with them pigs, taro, and banana
  cultivation
• Bananas became well-established in Africa by 500
  C.E.
• Bantu learned to cultivate bananas from Malagasy
• Bananas caused second population spurt,
  migration surge
• Reached South Africa in 16th century CE

51
Using Language and Dialect to Trace Movement
52
Impact of Migration

• Geographic Diversity Creates Social Diversity
• Extended families and clans as social and
  economic organizations
• A group of villages constituted a district but
  separated by distance
• Communities claimed rights to land, no private
  property
• Language, social differences arose based on
  geography
• Movement Produces Interactions
• Exchange of ideas and goods especially flora,
  fauna, technology
• Exchange of DNA rise of syncretic societies
• War and Trade between societies
• Stateless societies
• Early Bantu societies did not depend on elaborate
  bureaucracy
• Societies governed through family and kinship
  groups
• Chief of a village was from the most prominent
  family heads
• Villages chiefs negotiated inter-village affairs
• Chiefdoms
• Population growth strained resources, increased
  conflict
• Some communities began to organize military
  forces, 1000 C.E.
• Powerful chiefs overrode kinship networks and
  imposed authority

53
The Migration of the Arabs

• 640 1500 CE

54
What is an Arab?

• The Problem
• Arab is an ambiguous, confusing term
• Usually means a speaker of Arabic
• This is a recent historical development
• The Arabs are Semites
• Historical Semites include sedentary, nomadic
  peoples
• Phoenicians, Hyksos, Arameans, Edomites,
  Moabites, Canaanites
• Akkadians, Assyrians, Babylonians
• Related to the Hamites of Egypt, Yemen, Ethiopia
• Originally the Bedouin tribes of Arabia, Yemen
• Who is an Arab?
• Genealogical (Genes, DNA)
• The smallest of group within Arabs
• Descendents of the Bedouin tribes of Arabian and
  Syrian Deserts
• Ibn Khaldun defined this group as solely those
  tracing origin to these Bedouin tribes
• Linguistic
• A speaker whose first language is Arabic
• A very large group due to Islam, c. 250 million
  people
• May be a linguistic Arab without being a
  genealogical Arab

55
Early History

• Arabs and the Arabic Language
• Pre-date the CE developments of Islam
• Originated in the Arabian Peninsula
• The Bedouin
• Desert dwelling nomadic organized by tribes
• Dwelt in Hejaz and the interior of Arabia
• Many Bedouin had settled in towns and become
  semi-urbanized
• Towns in Yathrib (Medina) and Mecca
• The Nabateans
• Nomadic migrants to Levant who became urbanized
• Originally spoke Aramaic but switched to Arabic
• Nabatean alphabet adopted by Southern Arabs and
  pre-Classic Arabic
• Arabia Petrapolis was an flowering of an early
  commercial Arabic culture
• Spread in Southwest Asia beginning c. 200 CE
• Jewish Arabs
• Arabs who had become Jews by conversion or
  conquest
• Edomites and The Idumaean Dynasty of Judah
• King Herod is the prime example
• Many Arabs in Levant had become strongly
  Hellenized

56
The Tribal Map of Arabia
57
Early Migration

• Primitive Migration
• Nomadic Pastoralism
• Move with flocks seeking grazing land, water
• Winter, Summer Pasture lands
• Re Abraham in the Old Testament
• Movement between desert, first cities
• Often involving raid, trade
• Some intermarriage
• Constant clan warfare scattered tribes
• Early Commerce
• Rise of sedentary settlements on oases
• Fertile areas with irrigation in Yemen
• Cities develop trading connections
• Gold, frankincense, myrrh, manufactured items
• Trade connects Western Arabia to Levant
• Early Religious Movement
• Mecca develops as a site of polytheistic
  religious pilgrimage
• Jewish diaspora reached area a Jewish tribe in
  Medina area
• Monophysite Christians moved to area to avoid
  persecution

58
The Early Arab World
59
Early Islam Develops Arabic Identity

• Early Islamic Period
• Muslims of Medina called nomadic tribes of
  deserts Araab
• Considered themselves sedentary but were aware of
  close racial bonds
• Assyrians used same construct to describe their
  relationship to the nomads
• The Quran
• Does not use the word Arab in a manner we would
  understand
• Arabiy is the language
• Arab means Bedouin and is negative
• Quran
• Uses the term Arabic and clear to mean by
  the clear book
• We have made it an Arabic recitation in order
  that you may understand.
• The Quran was regarded as the prime example of
  al-arabiyya
• The term Arab
• Refers to Bedouin tribes of the desert who
  resisted Muhammad
• The Bedouin are the worst in disbelief and
  hypocrisy.
• c. 800 CE After Conquests of Islam
• Language of the nomadic Arabs
• Regarded as most pure by grammarians
• Denotes uncontaminated language of Bedouins

60
Early Conquests

• Muhammad and Islam unites the Arab Tribes
• Muslims must read the Quran in Arabic
• All Muslims pray in Arabic
• Levant and Irag
• Arabs flooded into as part of early conquests of
  Islam
• 661 CE Ummayad Caliphs move capital to Damascus
• Arabs compromise ruling military elite
• Established garrison towns
• Ramla, ar-Raggah, Basra, Kufa, Mosul, Samarra
• All eventually became major non-military cities
• Enjoyed special privileges
• Proud of Arab ancestry, sponsored poetry, culture
  of pre-Islamic Arabia
• Intermarried with local women, children raised
  within Arab culture
• Abd al-Malik established Arabic as the
  Caliphate's official language in 686.
• Reform greatly influenced the conquered non-Arab
  peoples
• Fueled the Arabization of the region.
• Tensions lead to a new Dynasty
• Arabs had a higher status among non-Arab Muslim
  converts
• Converts still had obligation to pay heavy taxes
  caused resentment.

61
The Arab Islamic Empire
62
Later Migration

• Military Conquest
• Whole tribes mobilized to conquer Arabia pushed
  into Persia, Byzantines
• Arabs settled as garrison units on desert, arable
  land borders
• Whole garrison towns constructed to administer
  empire
• Whole tribes resettled to maintain military
  control
• Muslim Pilgrimage
• One of the Five Pillars of Islam
• Originally was to be a pilgrimage to Jerusalem,
  replaced by Mecca
• All Muslims must try at least once in life to
  make journey to Mecca
• Shia-Sunni Split
• Shia developed holy sites of dead martyrs and
  saints
• Faithful made regular pilgrimages to venerate
  heroes
• The Hajji and the Gadis
• Learned Muslims often traveled between cities
  teaching, dispensing justice
• Itinerant preachers, wanders such as gadis
  (judges) and sufis (mystics)
• Commerce and Intellectual Migration
• Arab Empire encouraged commerce, trade
• Empire becomes one long linked trade route of
  exchanges
• Arabs become trade diaspora at first but
  intermarry spreading Arab culture, language

63
Tribal Migration

• Arab Colonization was similar to Roman
  establishment of military colonia
• Banu Umayya of Damascus in the Levant North
  Africa, 661AD
• Umayyid Caliphs from Umayya tribe were the first
  Arab force to conquer the North African region
• Most of the tribe settled in Damascus (The
  Levant) at this time and not in North Africa
• After their removal by the Abbasid Caliphs, they
  migrated to Spain
• Formed a majority of the Arabs in Iberia and a
  sizeable minority of Arabs in Maghreb
• Banu Fahr in North Africa, 670AD
• Banu Fahr subdued the Berbers in the mountain
  region of modern day Algeria.
• Banu Fahr built the cities of Qayrawan in modern
  Tunisia and Uqbah ibn Naafi' in modern Algeria
• Banu Hashim (Idrisids) in North Africa, 788AD
• Idris I of the Banu Hashim quarrelled with the
  Abbasids and fled Egypt for the Maghreb
• With Berber support established the Idrisid
  dynasty located in modern day Morocco and Algeria
• Banu Umayya of Andalus/Cordoba in North Africa,
  1031AD
• Umayyad Caliphate in Cordoba collapsed, under
  assault by Castile, Aragon, Portugal
• The Banu Umayya clan then fled with the rest of
  the Muslims to the Maghreb region.
• Banu Hilal and Banu Muqal (Banu Hashim) in North
  Africa, 1046AD
• Banu Hilal was a populous Arab tribal
  confederation organized by the Fatimids in Libya
• Warred with the Zenata Berbers (a clan that
  claimed Yemeni ancestry from pre-Islamic periods)
  
• Warred with the Sanhaja Berber confederation to
  small coastal towns.

64
And Egypt?

• The Problem
• Egypt is the largest Arabic speaking country in
  the world
• Its population accounts for almost 50 of Arabic
  first language users
• Is it Arab? Egyptians say no - most Arabs and
  Muslims think it is
• The Reality
• Genealogically
• Egyptians are not Arabs they are Hamites
  descended of Copts
• Many Egyptians have Arab blood especially in the
  cities but also Greek, Nubian, African
• The country-side population still has the reddish
  complexion of the Hamite
• Linguistically
• Egyptians speak an Arabic heavily laced with
  older Coptic words, constructs, idioms
• Politically and Culturally
• Egypt is at the center of modern Pan-Arab
  Nationalism name of Arab Republic of Egypt
• Egypt has been heavily influenced by other
  cultures European, Arab, African
• The Post-Classical History
• 639 CE Arabs conquer Egypt from Byzantines
• Egyptians were largely Monophysite Christians
• Coptic Christians were heavily persecuted by the
  Byzantines and seek Muslim protection
• Arabs establish military garrisons at Fustat (al
  Cairo)

65
The Arab World
66
TRADEDIASPORAS

• Classical Through Contemporary Eras

67
Philip Curtins Trade Diaspora

• Commercial specialists would remove themselves
  physically from the home community and go to live
  as aliens in another town, usually not a fringe
  town, but a town important in the life of the
  host community. There, the stranger merchants
  could settle down and learn the language, the
  customs and the commercial ways of their hosts.
  They could then serve as cross-cultural brokers
  helping and encouraging trade between the host
  society and people of their own origin who moved
  along the trade routes. At this stage, a
  distinction appeared between the merchants who
  moved and settled and those who continued to move
  back and forth. What might have begun as a single
  settlement soon became more complex. The
  merchants who might have begun with a single
  settlement abroad tended to set up a whole series
  of trade settlements in alien towns. The result
  was an interrelated net of commercial
  communities, forming a trade network, or trade
  diasporaa term that comes from the Greek word
  for scattering, as in the sowing of grain.

68
What is a Trade Diaspora?

• Defined
• Groups of merchants living amongst aliens in
  associated networks
• Result of international trade in high valued
  luxuries
• Merchants settle in certain countries to
  facilitate their trade
• Types
• Stayers Permanently settled in foreign land to
  facilitate trade
• Movers Those merchants who move between
  countries carrying goods
• Victim Diaspora ethnic community violently
  uprooted which trades to link parts
• Causes of Trade Diaspora
• Existence of competing states and political
  system with borders
• Often merchants alone could move between
  competing regimes
• Political systems protected trade diasporas as
  they supplied luxuries
• Culture of Commerce
• Merchants tend to think alike maximization of
  profit
• Merchants willing to move, relocate to make a
  profit
• Merchants were from cities with a more
  cosmopolitan, shared culture
• Culture of Shared Ethnicity
• Merchants from same ethnic communities had
  contacts with others
• Always easier to trade with some familiar with
  local customs

69
The Rise of the Swahili

• The eastern coast of Africa
• Changed profoundly around first millennium CE
• Bantu-speaking from interior
• Migrated, settled along the coast
• Became farmers of bananas, remained herders
• Merchants and traders from the Muslim world,
  India
• Realized the strategic importance of the east
  coast of Africa
• Established commercial traffic, began to settle
  there
• From 900 CE onwards
• East Africa saw influx of Shirazi Arabs from the
  Persian Gulf
• Small settlements of Indians
• The Arabs called this region al-Zanj "The Blacks"
  
• Coastal areas came under control of Muslim
  merchants
• By the 1300's
• Major east African ports from Mombaza to Sofala
• Had become thoroughly Islamic cities and cultural
  centers
• Swahili Language
• Grew out of a mix of Arabic and Bantu languages,
  means coast
• Swahili is primarily a Bantu language with some
  Arabic elements

70
Swahili Trading Diaspora

• Major Swahili city-states
• Kenya Mombasa, Malindi, Pate
• Somalia Mogadishu
• Tanzania Zanzibar, Kilwa
• Mozambique Sofala
• City-states were Muslim and cosmopolitan
• All politically independent of one another
• No Swahili empire or hegemony was formed
• Each vied for the lion's share of African trade
• Merchants moved about interior buying, selling
• The chief exports
• Ivory, sandalwood, ebony
• Worked closely with Zimbabwe to sell gold, copper
• Later included slaves, cloves
• These cities were culturally cosmopolitan
• Formed from a cultural mix of Bantu, Islamic,
  Indian influences
• Commerce brought Chinese artifacts and Persian
  culture
• Later Portuguese, English influence after 1500
• Social Hierarchy

71
Hausa People

• Homeland
• Kano, Nigeria is center of Hausa trade and
  culture
• Culturally linked to Fulani, Songhai, Mandé,
  Tuareg
• A mix of Afro-Asiatic and Nilo-Saharan groups
• 500 CE 700 CE
• Moved west from Nubia
• Intermixing with local peoples
• Established city-states in Northern, Eastern
  Nigeria
• City-states existed as islands amongst other
  peoples
• Emerged as the power after decline of Nok, Sokoto
• Hausa have an ancient culture extending over a
  large area
• Strong, old ties to the Arabs, Islamized peoples
  in West Africa
• Ties extended through long distance trade
• Merchants moved across region from city to city
• Islam entered through trade but restricted to
  rulers, courts
• Hausa aristocracy adopted Islam in 11th c. CE
• Rural areas retained their animistic beliefs
• The Fulani
• Invaded the Hausa area in 1810

72
The African Slave Trades

• ?BCE to ?CE

73
Generalized Facts AboutSlavery, Slave Trades

• Slavery is as old as recorded human history
• All societies have had slaves or a system similar
  to it
• Most slaves were captured in war or sold for
  debts
• Most slaves ended up as agricultural slaves
• To a lesser degree slaves were domestic servants
• To a lesser degree slaves were soldiers, artisans
• The most deadly slavery was in the mines, in the
  galleys
• In most society slaves were protected to a degree
  by laws
• Motives
• Labor Shortages would necessitate slavery
• A supply would be needed
• Profit would have to be great to cover expenses

74
African Slavery

• In most African societies
• Little difference between the free peasants and
  the feudal vassal peasants
• Vassals of the Songhay Muslim Empire
• Used primarily in agriculture, paid tribute in
  crops, service
• Slavery was more an occupational caste as bondage
  was relative
• In the Kanem Bornu Empire
• Vassals were three classes beneath the nobles
• Marriage between captor and captive was far from
  rare, blurring the anticipated roles.
• Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
• During the 16th century, Europe began to outpace
  the Arab world in the export traffic
• Slave traffic from Africa to the Americas was
  more profitable to slavers, trade shifted to
  coast
• Dutch imported slaves from Asia into South
  Africa, Portugal and Spain imported slaves to
  Americas
• End of slave trade, decline of slavery was
  imposed upon Africa by its European conquerors
• The nature of the slave societies differed
  greatly across the continent
• There were large plantations worked by slaves in
  Egypt, the Sudan and Zanzibar
• This was not a typical use of slaves in Africa as
  a whole
• In most African slave societies, slaves were
  protected and incorporated into the slave-owning
  family
• In Senegambia between 1300 and 1900 close to
  one-third of the population was enslaved
• In early Islamic states of the western Sudan

75
Foundations of the Slave Trades

• Slavery common in most Mediterranean societies
• Muslim World
• Quran permitted slavery
• Islamic world had created two slave routes out of
  Africa
• Iberia
• Iberians never had serfdom because slaves were
  plentiful
• Iberians tended to enslave Muslims during their
  wars
• Iberians knew of Africans, African slaves they
  had invaded Iberia
• Slavery common in traditional Africa
• Typically war captives, criminals, outcasts
• Most slaves worked as cultivators
• Some used as administrators, soldiers
• Were a measure of power, wealth
• Assimilated into masters' kinship groups
• Could earn freedom
• Children of slaves were free
• Islamic slave trade well established throughout
  Africa
• Slaves had been sold out of Africa long before
  Greeks and Romans
• North African to S. W. Asia Route

76
Trans-Saharan Slave TradeIndian Ocean Slave Trade

• The Arab slave trade lasted more than a
  millennium
• Ibn Battuta states that he was given , purchased
  slaves
• Arab slave trade originated with trans-Saharan
  slavery
• Arabs, Indians, Asians involved in the capture,
  transport of slaves
• Route was northward across the Sahara desert,
  Indian Ocean region
• Into Arabia and the Middle East, Persia, Central
  Asia and the Indian subcontinent
• The slave trade from East Africa to Arabia
• Dominated by Arab, African traders in coastal
  cities of East Africa
• Swahili wealth also due in large part to slave
  trade
• Iraq black Zanj slaves constituted ½ total
  population
• The Moors
• European name for Berbers of North Africa
• In the 8th century began raiding coastal areas
• Became known as the Barbary pirates
• Slave trade suppressed in the 19th century
• Slaves included both African and Europeans
• Cervantes was held as a slave, later ransomed
• Male slaves
• Employed as servants, soldiers, or laborers

77
Slave Routes Out of Africa
78
Social Changes in Africa c. 1500

• Political Changes
• Rise of hereditary monarchies in West Africa
• Rise of Warfare
• New outside contacts entering
• European (Portuguese) influence along coast
• Moroccan, North African influence pushing south
• Radicalization of Islam
• Rise of radical African Muslim Sahel states
• Rulers, religious leaders called for purified
  Islam
• Began to launch Jihad wars to purify belief
• American food crops
• Manioc, maize, peanuts, yams, melons
• Introduced after the sixteenth century
• Cultivation expanded, thrived
• Population growth in sub-Sahara
• From 35 million in 1500
• To 60 million in 1800

79
Portugal and Africa Set a Pattern

• Portuguese explore Africa
• Established factories, trading stations
• Portugal not powerful enough to control trade
• Diseases kept Europeans out of interior
• Had to work cooperatively with local rulers
• Mulattos penetrated interior for Portugal
• Exchanges
• Portugal obtained ivory, pepper, skins, gold
• Africans obtained manufactured goods
• Portugal successful because goods desired
• Many cultural ideas exchange, images in art
• C0-Dominion of Trade
• Dominated shipment, demand out of Africa
• On continent, African kings dominated trade of
  all types
• How Portugal dealt with Africans
• Missionary efforts, Catholicism spread
  Ambassadors exchanged
• Portugal begins to see Africans as savages,
  heathens, pagans
• Began with Portuguese attitude towards African
  Muslims
• Slavery introduced as Africans seen only as a
  commodity

80
Human Cargos

• Early slave trade on the Atlantic
• Started by Portuguese in 1441
• 1460 about five hundred slaves/year shipped to
  Portugal, Spain
• 15TH century slaves shipped to sugar plantations
  on Atlantic islands
• American planters needed labor
• Indians not suited to slavery, most had died out
• Portuguese planters imported slaves to Brazil,
  1530s
• Slaves to Caribbean, Mexico, Peru, Central
  America, 1510 - 1520s
• English colonists brought slaves to North America
  early 17TH century
• Triangular trade
• All three legs of voyage profitable
• In Africa, finished goods traded for slaves
• In Americas, slaves traded for sugar, molasses
• In Europe, American produce traded
• At every stage slave trade was brutal
• Individuals captured in violent raids
• Forced marched to the coast for transport
• Middle Passage and First Year
• Between 25-50 percent died on passage

81
Impact of the Slave Trade on Africa

• Volume of the Atlantic slave trade
• Increased dramatically after 1600
• c. 1800 100,000 shipped per year
• About 12 million brought to Americas
• Another 12 million died en route
• Volume of Muslim trade
• Ten million slaves shipped out of Africa
• Islamic slave trade between 8th and 19th
  centuries
• Social Impact
• Profound on African societies
• Impact uneven some societies spared, some
  profited
• Some areas had no population growth, stagnation
• For generations, many leaders, intellectuals
  missing
• Distorted African sex ratios
• Two-thirds of exported slaves were males
• Polygamy encouraged, often common
• Forced women to take on men's duties
• Gender involved in trades
• Atlantic Route men and women

82
Mapping the Height of the Atlantic Slave Trade
83
Statistics of the Atlantic Slave Trade
ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
CARRIERS CARRIERS DESTINATIONS DESTINATIONS
PORTUGAL 4.7 million BRAZIL 4.0 million
BRITISH NORTH AMERICA INCLUDING THE USA 2.9 million SPANISH EMPIRE 2.5 million
SPAIN 1.6 million BRITISH WEST INDIES 2.0 million
FRANCE 1.3 million FRENCH WEST INDIES 1.6 million
NETHERLANDS 0,9 million BRITISH NORTH AMERICA INCLUDING USA 500,000
DUTCH WEST INDIES 500,000
DANISH WEST INDIES 28,000
EUROPE AND ATLANTIC ISLANDS 200,000
SOURCE THE SLAVE TRADE BY HUGH THOMAS SOURCE THE SLAVE TRADE BY HUGH THOMAS SOURCE THE SLAVE TRADE BY HUGH THOMAS SOURCE THE SLAVE TRADE BY HUGH THOMAS
84
American Plantation Society

• Cash crops
• Introduced to fertile lands of Caribbean early
  15th c.
• Important cash crops
• Caribbean Coast Sugar, cocoa, coffee
• Southern States of US Tobacco, rice, indigo,
  cotton
• Plantations dependent on slave labor
• Plantations racially divided
• 100 or more slaves with a few white supervisors
• Whites on top of social pyramid
• Free people of color
• Creole blacks
• Born in Americas of mixed parentage
• House slaves
• Saltwater slaves
• Directly from Africa
• Field slaves, mines