MIGRATION

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MIGRATION
Where and Why People Move
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Movement

• Mobility ranging from local to global and daily
  to once a lifetime
• Movement is a good example of the spatial process
  (spatial interaction diffusion distribution
  patterns).

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What is activity space?

• The great majority of people have a daily routine
  that takes them through a sequence of short moves
  that geographers call activity space.
• America is the worlds most mobile society.
• Technology has greatly expanded activity space,
  particularly in wealthier, more developed
  countries.

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Types of movement

• Cyclic movement
• Periodic movement
• Migration

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Types of Movement

• CYCLIC MOVEMENT movement that
• has a closed route
• Examples
• Commuting Home to work and
• back home
• Seasonal Sunbelt States
• Nomadism Movement over
• territory for survival repeated
• time and again
• Daily classes

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Types of Movement

• PERIODIC MOVEMENT movement away from home for a
  longer period.
• Examples
• Migrant labor moving across borders for work
• Transhumance moving livestock to pastures based
  on season (rain, temperature)
• Military service
• College attendance

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What is Migration?

• Definition the long-term relocation of an
  individual, household, or group to a new location
  outside the community of origin a purposeful
  movement involving a change of permanent
  residence

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Migration is a complex phenomenon that raises
many questions.

• Why do people move?
• All migration is a combination of push and pull
  factors.

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What are push factors of migration?

• Defined unfavorable characteristics of a locale
  that contribute to the dissatisfaction of its
  residents and impel their emigration
• Examples widespread unemployment poverty
  discrimination political unrest war famine
  and/or drought land shortage overpopulation

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What are pull factors of migration?

• Defined characteristics of a locale that act as
  attractive forces, drawing migrants from other
  places
• Examples employment opportunities political
  and/or personal freedoms (speech religion, right
  to vote, etc.) land amenities (e.g. retirement)
• Important to note Many people move based on
  excessively positive images and expectations (not
  always accurate).

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Most people migrate for economic reasons.

• Search for better paying jobs
• To find new jobs/employment
• To escape poverty or low standards of
• living

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Catalysts of Migration What causes it to
happen?

• Economic conditions
• Poverty (push factors)
• Perceived opportunities in destinations (pull
  factors)
• Technological advances
• Modern transportation makes migration easier
• Allows people to migrate where jobs are available

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Other reasons/catalysts for migration

• Armed conflict and civil war
• Three million people drive from their homes in
  the former Yugoslavia
• Civil war in Rwanda (Hutu and Tutsis)
• Political circumstances
• Oppressive regimes
• Cuba
• Vietnams boat people

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Reasons continued

• Environmental Conditions
• Potato Famine in Ireland (1840s)
• Major earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or
  hurricanes (Gulf Coast of U.S.2005)
• Culture and Tradition
• Muslims migrated from India when it was
  partitioned
• Jews left the former Soviet Union for Israel

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Voluntary Migration Forced Migration

• Occurs when people choose to migrate
• Remember the 1 reason people migrate
  ECONOMIC!
• Any voluntary migration flow represents the
  numbers going from the source to the destination
  minus those returning to the source.

• Also referred to as involuntary migration
• Examples
• The Transatlantic Slave Trade largest number of
  slaves were brought to plantations in the
  Caribbean and eastern South America black
  population was one million in U.S. in 1800
• Convicts shipped from Britain to Australia
  beginning in 1788
• 1800s Native Americans in U.S. forced to live
  on reservations

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E.G. RAVENSTEIN (18341913)British sociologist

• LAWS OF MIGRATION
• 1. Most migrants go only a short distance.
• 2. Longer distance migration favors big city
  destinations. In other words, people will travel
  farther if they are migrating to a city.
• 3. Most migration proceeds step-by-step.
• 4. Most migration is rural to urban.
• 5. Each migration flow produces a counterflow.
• 6. Most migrants are adults families are less
  likely to make international moves.
• 7. Most international migrants are young males.

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About Ravensteins laws

• 1. He concluded that most move short distances
  and that the frequency of moves declines with
  distance (distance decay).
• 3. Step Migration
• When a migrant follows a path of a series of
  stages, or steps toward a final destination.
• intervening opportunity at one of the steps
  along
• the path, pull factors encourage the migrant
  to settle
• there.
• 4. Urban residents are less migratory than
  inhabitants of rural areas.
• 6. Chain migration also needs to be considered.
• Defined a process by which people are given
  preference for migrating to another country
  because a relative was previously admitted.
  Asians are know to be the most effective users of
  chain migration.
• 7. Less valid today than when first proposed. In
  reality, women and girls now comprise between
  40-60 of all international migrants worldwide.

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INTERNAL MIGRATIONS

• Migration that occurs within a single countries
  borders
• Example African-Americans moved northward
  during World War I most migrants came from rural
  areas 1970smore were leaving the North and
  returning to the South because of changing civil
  rights conditions
• Varies depending on mobility of country
• US Urban to Suburban
• Peru Rural to Urban

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INTERNAL MIGRATIONS

• Two Types
• Intraregional
• Interregional

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Intraregional Migration

• Intraregional migrations--people moving or being
  moved within one geographic realm (region) of a
  country
• Current examples
• Rural to urban
• increases with development, ¾ of core countries
  population in urban areas
• Urban to suburban
• lifestyle changes
• Metropolitan to nonmetropolitan areas
• called counterurbanization, increased technology
  allows people to work outside of the city

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Interregional Migrations

• Definition-people moving or being moved from one
  geographic realm (region) to another within a
  country
• From South

• Current USA examples
• Movement North to South, and East to West
• refugees/evacuees from the Gulf Coast region to
  other parts of the United States,
• rural to urban areas to find jobs

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Interregional Migrations

• Current World examples
• To Brazils interior Brasilia
• to North in Italy, and North to South in the UK
  for Jobs
• Islands of development are cities with foreign
  investment and jobs
• West African coast
• European colonies in SE Asia attracted Chinese

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External Migration

• Movement across country borders
• Also called International migration
• Emigrant one who migrates out of a country
• Subtracts from total population
• Immigrant one who migrates into a country
• Adds to total population

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Major Global Migration Flows From 1500 to 1950
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Global Migration Patterns

• From less-developed Stage 2 countries into
  more-developed Stage 4 countries
• 3 largest migration flows
• Asia to Europe
• Asia to North America
• Latin America to North America
• Net In Migration North America, Europe, Oceania
• Net Out Migration Asia, Latin America, Africa

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US Immigration Patterns

• Three main waves
• 1. Colonial America 1607-1840
• European settlement- 2 million, mostly British
• African slaves 800, 000

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Immigration to the United States, 1820 to 2001
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US Immigration Patterns

• 2. 19th century (1840-1910)
• 3 European Peaks
• 1840s and 1850s
• -Northern and Western Europe (Ireland, Germany)
• 1880s
• -Northern and Western Europe (Ireland, Germany,
  Norway, Sweden)
• 1900-1910
• -Southern and Eastern Europe Italy, Russia,
  Austria-Hungary (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia,
  Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia,
  Slovenia, Ukraine)

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Immigration to the United States, 1820 to 2001
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US Immigration Patterns

• 3. Second-half of 20th century (1950-2008)
• Less developed regions
• Latin America Mexico, Dominican Republic, El
  Salvador
• Asia China, Philippines, India, Vietnam

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Immigration to the United States, 1820 to 2001
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Immigration Policies

• USA Quota Laws
• Quota Act of 1921 and Origins Act of 1924 2 of
  1910 population
• Immigration Act of 1965
• 1968 Hemisphere quotas
• 1978 Global Quotas
• Currently Global Quota of 620, 000 with no more
  than 7 from each country
• Major Exceptions family reunification,
  employment, talented, lottery, refugees

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Immigration Policies

• Brain Drain large-scale emigration by talented
  people out of the periphery
• Guest Workers To Europe from Middle East and
  North Africa
• Example 750, 000 Turks employed in Germany
• Time-Contract workers South and East Asian
  workers to Southeast Asia

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What about refugees?

• UN definition
• A person who has well-founded fear of being
  persecuted for reasons of race, religion,
  nationality, membership of a particular social
  group, or political group.
• UN reports 24 million refugees worldwide

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What about refugees?UN definitions

• International refugees
• Those who have crossed one or more international
  borders and are encamped in a country other than
  their own

• Intranational refugees
• Those who have abandoned their homes but not
  their homeland

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It is difficult to identify refugees.

• No mention of natural/enviromental disaster
• UN must distinguish between refugees and
  voluntary migrants before granting asylum.
• Three general characteristics, individual or
  aggregate (collectively)
• Most refugees move without any more tangible
  property than they can carry or transport with
  them.
• Most refugees make their first step on foot, by
  bicycle, wagon, or open boat.
• Refugees move without the official documents that
  accompany channeled migrations.

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Regions of Dislocation

• Sub-Saharan Africa
• Several of the worlds largest refugee crises
  plagued Africa during the 1990s and early 21st
  century -8 million official refugees
• Civil wars in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Angola, and
  Sudan
• Hostilities between the Hutu and Tutsi tribes in
  Rwanda

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Other regions of dislocation

• North Africa and Southwest Asia
• Israel and the displaced Arab populations that
  surround it
• Exhibits qualities that are likely to generate
  additional refugee flow in the future
• The Kurdish population following the Gulf War
  (1991)
• Taliban rule in Afghanistan
• Afghanistan after the Soviet invasion during the
  1980s

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Regions of dislocation continued

• South Asia
• Pakistan accommodated forced emigrants from
  Afghanistan
• Major refugee problem stems from a civil war in
  Sri Lanka

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Regions of dislocation continued

• Southeast Asia
• Boat people who fled communist rule in Vietnam
• In the early 1990s, Cambodia generated the
  regions largest refugee flow
• Today--largest number of refugees come from
  Myanmar (Burma)

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Regions of dislocation continued

• Europe
• After the collapse of Yugoslavia, over 1 million
  were displaced

• South America
• Colombian illegal drug violence, especially in
  rural areas