The Reformation

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The Reformation

• The English ReformationHenry VIII to Elizabeth I

• Photo Credits
• Sacred Destinations Lucas Cranach
• Gertrude Kanu Lee Lai
• Stephen Komp Charlotte Nordahl
• Mike Reed Alex Bepple
• Debra Dinda R. Bean

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Great Britain
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Uniqueness of Englands Reformation

• English religion as bitter fruit of royal family
  trees
• Tudors (England) vs. Stuarts (Scotland)
• Produced no outstanding spiritual awakening or
  religious leaders to direct reform
• Reformation in England, largely an act of the
  state
• Via Media Midway between Catholic Protestant
• Political interests of subsequent rulers
  determined religion
• Edward VI (1547-1553) Protestant leanings
• Mary Tudor Bloody Mary (1553-1558) Staunchly
  Catholic
• Elizabeth I (1558-1603) Via Media Protestant
  Settlement

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Precursors of English Reformation

• Long reputation of maintaining rights of the
  crown
• Socio-economic realignments
• Breakdown in the churchs function (structure /
  personnel)
• The intellectual factor of humanism
• Popular humanistic teachers in key universities
• Strong reaction to Lutheran ideas
• Lutheran interest among scholars at White Horse
  Inn
• Biblical Translators
• Tyndale God grant the King of Englands eyes
  will be opened.
• Coverdale Great Bible and Geneva Bible

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The Great Matter -- Securing a proper divorce
for Henry VIII

• Henrys arranged marriage to Catherine of Aragon
  beset with problems
• Doubt about the ethical soundness of the
  arrangement
• Marriage had produced no male heir for the throne
  
• He never loved her from the start
• Finding solution for dropping Catherine to marry
  Anne
• Henry requested Rome to annul his union
  impossible
• Cranmers conclusion Declare King supreme in
  English spiritual affairs

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Ecclesiastical-Political Break with Rome Via
Reformation Parliament 1529-1536

• Parliamentary Statutes
• Act of Supremacy
• Act of Restraint of Appeals
• Act of Succession
• Cromwell Key role in separation legislation
• Policies elevated King to supreme ruler head of
  church
• Drew Reformation agenda into England
• Fell out of favor and executed
• Cranmer Kings advisor and archbishop
• Resolved Henrys Great Matter
• Imports reforms into the new Church of England
• Composed Book of Common Prayer

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Establishment of English Protestantism

• The Ten Articles
• Composed by Henry to help shape English church
• The Injunctions of 1536 and 1538
• Teach Protestant appropriation of the Ten
  Articles
• The Bishops Book in response to Pilgrimage of
  Grace riots
• The Six Bloody Articles
• RC reversion due to political pressures from the
  continent

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Edward VIs Brief Reign (1547-1553)

• Regents controlled kingly affairs reversing
  Catholicism
• Seymour Duke of Somerset Reformation advance
• Act of Uniformity 1549 To establish order to
  process
• Dudley Duke Northumberland Steadfast
  establishment
• Influenced by Swiss Reformed
• New Act of Uniformity
• Reissued Second Prayer Book
• Forty-Two Articles prepared by Cranmer

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Reign of Bloody Mary (1553-58)

• Protestantism her source of dishonor
• Persecution and exodus of Protestant Leaders
• Restoration to Roman Obedience -- Height of
  reversion via Cardinal Pole
• Parliament reenacted laws against heresy,
  enabling death to Protestants
• Former Archbishop Cranmer in great dilemma
• Era recorded by John Foxes Book of Martyrs
• Sudden death ends Marys reign, 1558

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Elizabethan Settlement (1558-1603) Return to
Protestant Agenda

• Protestant by reason of conscience and politics
• Hailed by Protestant party - exiles return from
  Continent
• Religion politics required cooperative
  restructuring
• New Act of Supremacy and Act of Conformity
• Implementing Religious Uniformity (Inclusivism)
• Unity of worship in form (latitude in beliefs)
• Reissued Book of Common Prayer (Vestarian
  Controversy)
• Calculated transfer of ecclesiastical leadership
• Thirty-Nine Articles as doctrinal foundation

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Struggle for Catholic SurvivalThe Role of Mary,
Queen of Scots

• Strong antipathies on either side of the
  religious question
• Catholic Universities were sympathetic to
  Catholicism
• Protestant Marian exiles returning were ardent
  Protestants with Calvinist agenda
• Puritan John Knox no small thorn in Elizabeths
  side

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Struggle for Catholic SurvivalThe Role of Mary,
Queen of Scots

• International Catholic intrigue to overthrow
  Elizabeth and restore England to Rome
• Secret agreements between Phillip II, the Pope,
  and other European sovereigns
• Covert role of the Jesuits and Catholic
  Universities
• Pope Pius V declared Elizabeth illegitimate and
  excommunicated her

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Struggle for Catholic SurvivalThe Role of Mary,
Queen of Scots

• Enemies invade England via Spains Phillip II
• Spanish Armada sent out against England (1588)
• But nature (storms) and clever English fighting
  reversed the battle (sinking Armada)

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English Independents Puritans/Separatists
Emerging

• Elizabethan Puritans found it impossible to
  worship with the Prayer Book
• Via media not far enough to the right for them
• Those informed by Swiss Calvinism chafe
• Elizabeth and James 1 unwilling to accommodate
• Key Puritans had strong abiding presence (e.g.
  Baxter)
• Separatist Puritans emerged led by Robert Brown
• Gathered a separated congregation in Norwich
• Birth of English congregationalism
• Parliament passes Act against the Puritans 1593
• Netherlands important sanctuary for
  Puritans/Separatists

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The Reformation

• The CatholicCounter-Reformation

• Photo Credits
• Sacred Destinations Lucas Cranach
• Gertrude Kanu Lee Lai
• Stephen Komp Charlotte Nordahl
• Mike Reed Alex Bepple
• Debra Dinda R. Bean

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Catholic Church both proactive and reactive in
light of present situation

• Proactively Internal renewal instigated by
  upper-class clergy and papacy
• Council of Trent
• Missionary explosion into new worlds
• Monasticism and mysticism revived
• Capuchins, Carmelites
• St. Teresa, St. John of Cross
• Reactively Defensive measures to confine
  Protestantism / prevent spread
• Institutions/programs/actions to counter-balance
  advances of Protestantism

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Catholic Reformation andCatholic
Counter-Reformation

• Catholic reformation preceded and continued
  beyond the Protestant Reformation
• Pope Paul III (1534-49) initiated programs of
  reform
• Counter Reformation officially secured the agenda
  of reforming Catholic church
• Roman Inquisition
• Index of prohibited books (till 1966)
• Strengthened relations with Catholic rulers
• Three primary lines of responseInquisition,
  Council of Trent, and the Jesuits

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Pope Paul III Holy Office of the Roman
Inquisition

• Founded for purpose of dealing with Protestant
  heresy
• Practices of the Roman Inquisition
• Power to confiscate property, imprison and
  execute (turn over) the guilty
• Accused were guilty till proven innocent, could
  not see accusers, and could be tortured to
  extract confession
• Power of pardon was reserved for the Pope
• Dead letter outside of Italy to eliminate heresy
• Rome tried other methods of silencingThe Index,
  and Council of Trent

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Highlights Council of Trent (1545-63)

• Background Issues of this General Council
• Failed to launch do to fears of papacy for
  outcome
• Politicking for proper sight and voting
  establishment
• Weak church representation overall
• Pope never personally attended Council, but sent
  legates only
• Long-term affair
• Sat for 6 years over 18 year span with 25
  sessions

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Highlights Council of Trent (1545-63)

• Summary of Council Actions(only authoritative
  if/when ratified by Pope)
• Ecclesiastical Reforms
• Reformed rules for indulgences
• Multiple office-holding banned
• Seminaries for every diocese required
• Celibacy for clerics reaffirmed
• Doctrinal Reaffirmations
• Agree faith is necessary for salvation, but not
  sufficient
• Sacrifice of Mass upheld
• Church tradition and scripture remain equal
  authority
• Birth of Tridentine Catholic church

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The Society of JesusJesuits of Ignatius Loyola

• Early life of Ignatius (ca. 1495-1556)
• Recuperating from war wound,former Spanish
  nobleman/playboy convicted
• Salvation perfect obedience/loyalty to church
• Spiritual Exercises
• Gathered young men at University of Paris
• Vow to take mission to convert Turks or place in
  service to the Pope
• Pope approved the order as Society of Jesus

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Impact of Jesuit OrderEducation, Polemics, and
Missions

• Teaching order in time Controlled important
  educational institutions of RC church
• Helped stem the tide of Protestantism in German
  lands
• Peter Canisius produced a catechism
• Foreign missions zeal
• Spanish, Portuguese and later French Jesuits
  carried their faith to new worlds
• Largely freed from political authorities
• Controversial methods (Rites Controversy)
• Sincere and devoted in their cause

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The Later Reformation

• Europe Divided

• Photo Credits
• Sacred Destinations Lucas Cranach
• Gertrude Kanu Lee Lai
• Stephen Komp Charlotte Nordahl
• Mike Reed Alex Bepple
• Debra Dinda R. Bean

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Cities of the Reformation
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Mosaic of Post-Reformation Traditions

• Four major expressions
• RC remained solid in southern Europe
• Lutherans claimed north Germany / Scandinavia
• Anglican Church became the Church of England
• Reformed Churches dominated Switzerland,
  Netherlands and Scotland, and significant
  presence in France (Huguenots)
• Scotland converted to Presbyterianism
• Leadership of John Knox
• Polemical Age of Confessionalism

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Mosaic of Post-Reformation Traditions

• Internal movements within each tradition divided
  confessional unity
• Anabaptists split from Reformed, and then split
  among themselves
• Anglicans struggled with Puritan/Separatists
  movements
• Calvinists divided along distinct confessions
  Westminster, Helvetic, Belgic etc.
• The greatest divide High Calvinism vs.
  Arminianism

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Rise of Arminianism

• Jacob Arminius was Dutch priest who studied in
  Geneva under Beza
• Appointed to refute Coornhert
• Serves as professor of theology at Leyden
• Anti-prelapsarian views become public
• Remonstrance submitted
• Five Major Articles of the Remonstrance
  (Arminianism)
• Synod of Dort, 1619
• Condemnation of Arminianism
• Arminian Legacy
• Dutch Arminianism rationalistic in
  spirit/approach
• High Church Anglicans Arminian view of grace

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Rise of the Baptists

• Origins in Puritans of Church of England
• Henry Jacob was key leader (Jacobites)
• John Smyth launched a baptist movement
• Thomas Helwys formed first Baptist Church of
  London
• General Baptists emerged from these groups
• Particular Baptists retained Calvinistic
  statements of Dort
• Insisted on baptism by immersion

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Rise of the QuakersMinistry of George Fox
(1624-1685)

• Cobblers apprentice in English village
• Weary of formal religion of England
• Christ revealed to him in immediate experience
• Inner Light is true route to find God
• Remarkable ministry despite persecution
• Religious visionary and social reformer
• Denied need for churches / priests to find God
• Taught that in Christ, can be delivered from all
  sin
• Meeting houses multiplied where Friends
  gathered / trembled with emotion (Quakers)

George FoxEngraving by "S. Allen" of a
painting by "S. Chinn
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Style of Quaker Ministry

• Old Testament prophetic office type ministry
• Pleaded for religious freedom
• Compassionate and mission-minded
• Argued against slavery
• Unique lifestyle an image of a persecuted
  religion
• Refused to pay tithes to government
• Would not swear an oath
• Would not bow before betters or uncover their
  head
• Preferred thou and thee for reference to
  others
• Worship service in silence
• No sacraments
• Emphasized community and love
• Pacifist Christ removed need for war

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Style of Quaker Ministry

• Growth and expansion despite persecution
• Many Friends migrated to America for freedom of
  religious expression
• William Penn established a holy experiment in
  Pennsylvania
• Paved way for religious toleration, allowing
  immigration of many Quakers

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Wars of Religion (16-17th c)

• Political rivalries fueled by religious divisions
• Hapsburgs fighting to control emerging nations
• Conflicts in England, Scotland, France, Germany
• Struggle for future control of Europe unleashed
  greatest war to date
• Thirty Years War (1618-1648) ravaged continent
• Left in its wake a new European arrangement of
  nations and religion

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French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)

• Series of religious wars (Guise/Lorraine vs.
  Bourbons)
• Catholics could not suppress Huguenots, and
  Huguenots could not conquer Paris
• The Massacre at Vassy
• St. Bartholomews Day Massacre, 1572
• Pope Gregory XIII ordered a Te Deum
• War of the Henrys settled the issue
• Edict of Nantes (1598) granted Huguenots freedom
  of worship

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Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

• Four phases of conflict
• Hapsburg powers of Holy Roman empire and Spain
• French, English, Dutch, Protestant German states
• Defenestration of Prague
• Final European war of religion
• Began as religious struggle with political
  overtones
• Ended as political struggle with religious
  overtones
• Peace of Westphalia, 1643-48
• Holy Roman Empire became a mere geographical term
• Stabilized the political and religious map of
  Europe
• Heralding coming of modern era post Christian
  Europe

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English Civil War (1641-1646)

• Puritan frustrations over royal policies
• King Charles, King James I, William Laud
• Scots rebelled put down by the King
• Irish rebelled plantation policy in the north
• Full-blown civil war in England
• Protestants under Cromwell enlisted help of Scots
  (Westminster Confession drafted)
• Puritans establish a Commonwealth
• Charles II returned from exile, crowned king

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