Biodiesel

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Biodiesel

• An alternative transportation fuel

Prepared by Christina Nilsen
christina.nilsen_at_gmail.com LIBR 500
Foundations of Information Technology
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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency predicts
that unless greenhouse gas emissions decrease,
the Earths average temperature will rise from
2.5 to 10.4 F above 1990 levels by the end of
this century.
The effects of global warming include rising sea
levels, melting glaciers, increasing numbers and
intensity of droughts, tropical storms, high
tides, heat waves, and widespread changes to
plant and animal species.
According to the U.N.s Intergovernmental Panel
of Climate Change, global warming since the
mid-20th century is largely due to human-caused
greenhouse gas emissions.
smog
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One-third of energy-related greenhouse gas
emissions come from burning fossil fuels for
transportation.
What can you do about it?
switch to biodiesel
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What is Biodiesel?
C14 - C24 Methyl Ester C19 H36 O2

• Diesel-equivalent alternative fuel.
• Clean-burning, biodegradable non-toxic.
• Made from processed vegetable oils including
  canola, peanut, soy, mustard seed, rapeseed
  palm.
• Also made from recycled cooking oils and trap
  grease.

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Biodiesel is Not

• Unprocessed or waste vegetable oil (WVO).
• Vegetable oils must be dewatered filtered
  before they can be used as biofuel.

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How is Biodiesel Made?

• Transesterification chemical process followed to
  produce biodiesel from vegetable oil.
• Transesterification separates glycerine from fat
  or vegetable oil.
• Methyl Ester (the chemical name for biodiesel) is
  a byproduct of this process.

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Technical Definitions

• Biodiesel
• a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long
  chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or
  animal fats, designated B100, and meeting the
  requirements of the American Society of Testing
  and Materials ASTM D 6751.3
• Biodiesel Blend
• a blend of biodiesel fuel meeting ASTM D 6751
  with petroleum-based diesel fuel, designated BXX,
  where XX represents the volume percentage of
  biodiesel fuel in the blend

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Why Use Biodiesel?

• 60 lower carbon dioxide emissions than petroleum
  diesel.
• 100 biodiesel eliminates sulfur emissions.
• Made from renewable resources.
• Recycling trap grease and waste veggie oils into
  biodiesel reduces waste in landfills and sewage
  treatment plants.
• Reduces dependency on foreign oil.

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Another Reason to Use Biodiesel

• greater fuel lubricity slows engine wear
• reduces maintenance costs

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Who Can Use Biodiesel?

• Anyone with a diesel!
• Can be used in 100 pure form (B100).
• Can also be combined with petroleum diesel.

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Public Use of Biodiesel in the USA

• US Military began using B20 (20 biodiesel) in
  Army, Navy, Marines and Air Force vehicles in
  2003.
• City of Berkeley, CA switched all diesel-fueled
  city vehicles (school busses, garbage trucks
  etc.) to B100 (100 biodiesel) in 2002.
• San Francisco became the largest U.S. city to
  switch its fleet to B20 (20 biodiesel) in April,
  2007.
• In 2005, Minnesota became the first American
  state to require that all diesel fuel sold in the
  state contain 2 biodiesel. Minnesota Governor
  Tim Pawlenty has proposed that the requirement be
  increased to B20 by 2015.

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Biodiesel in Europe Germany

• Biodiesel has been produced on an industrial
  scale in the EU since 1992.
• At present, Europe represents 90 of the worlds
  biodiesel production and consumption.
• In Germany, the leading European biodiesel
  producer, biodiesel has a 4 share in the total
  diesel market!
• Over 1,900 fuel stations sell biodiesel to the
  German public.

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Making the Switch Things to consider

• Biodiesel is a strong solvent and may release
  buildup from fuel lines, clogging fuel filters.
• Biodiesel may also degrade rubber fuel lines
  manufactured before 1992.  These may need to be
  replaced with newer synthetic fuel lines which
  resist biodiesel.

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Performance?

• Torque and horsepower of vehicles fueled by
  biodiesel is similar to those fueled by petroleum
  diesel.
• Biodiesels higher cetane rating can improve
  engine performance.
• The Engine Manufacturers Association has issued a
  statement that fuel and engine systems problems
  should not result from 5 biodiesel blends.
• But this may be overly conservative as some
  European vehicle manufacturers most notably
  Volkswagen endorse 100 biodiesel in their
  vehicles.

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Where Can I Buy Biodiesel?
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Biodiesel in Canada?

• Apart from a few retailers in Ontario and British
  Columbia,
• biodiesel is not yet widely available for
  purchase in Canada.

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Sources

• Slide 2
• Climat Quebec, Meteorological Service of Canada,
  Environment Canada, Winter Smog Smog Episodes
  for winter 2004-5 in Montreal,
  http//www.criacc.qc.ca/villes/air_e.html/ (20
  September 2007).
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
  Global Climate Projections, chap. 10 in Climate
  Change 2007 The Physical Science Basis.
  Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth
  Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel
  on Climate Change (Cambridge, U.K. Cambridge
  University Press, 2007), 750-752,
  http//tinyurl.com/yqqx93(12 September 2007).
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Climate
  Change, http//www.epa.gov/climatechange/basicinf
  o.htmlemissions (12 September 2007).
• Slide 4
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Climate
  Change, http//www.epa.gov/climatechange/basicinf
  o.htmlemissions (12 September 2007).
• Slide 5
• National Biodiesel Board, Biodiesel Basics,
  http//www.biodiesel.org/resources/biodiesel_basic
  s/ (12 September 2007).
• National Biodiesel Board, Biodiesel
  Definitions, http//www.biodiesel.org/resources/d
  efinitions/ (12 September 2007).
• Gerhard Knothe, Jon Van Gerpen Jürgen Krahl,
  eds., The Biodiesel Handbook (Champaign AOCS
  Press, 2005), 1.
• Slide 6
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Assessment
  and Standards Division, Office of Transportation
  and Air Quality, A Comprehensive Analysis of
  Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions Draft
  Technical Report 2002, (EPA420-P-02-001), October
  2002, http//www.epa.gov/otaq/models/analysis/biod
  sl/p02001.pdf (10 September 2007).
• Slide 7
• National Biodiesel Board, Biodiesel
  Definitions, http//www.biodiesel.org/resources/d
  efinitions/ (12 September 2007).

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Sources

• Slide 9
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Assessment
  and Standards Division, Office of Transportation
  and Air Quality, A Comprehensive Analysis of
  Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions Draft
  Technical Report 2002, (EPA420-P-02-001), October
  2002, http//www.epa.gov/otaq/models/analysis/biod
  sl/p02001.pdf (10 September 2007).
• Slide 10
• Gerhard Knothe, Jon Van Gerpen Jürgen Krahl,
  eds., The Biodiesel Handbook (Champaign AOCS
  Press, 2005), 2.
• National Biodiesel Board, Lubricity Benefits,
  http//www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/
  Lubricity.PDF/ (14 September 2007).
• Slide 11
• National Biodiesel Board, Biodiesel FAQs,
  http//www.biodiesel.org/resources/faqs/default.sh
  tm/ (25 September 2007).
• Slide 12
• Global Energies and Utilities Market Research,
  "Biodiesel 2020 A Global Market Survey."
  http//www.emerging-markets.com/biodiesel/default.
  asp/ (10 September 2007).
• Slide 13
• "Berkeley uses biodiesel to advance
  eco-progress," USA Today, 26 June 2003, Tech
  Section, http//tinyurl.com/2w8nu2/ (3 October
  2007).
• U.S. Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels
  Center, "U.S. Military Uses Biodiesel," (2003),
  http//www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs/new_success_
  ddown.cgi?122/ (10 September 2007).
• National Biodiesel Board, "Minnesota Diesel Now
  Contains Two Percent Biodiesel Statewide As
  ground-breaking B2 requirement takes effect,
  other states adopt their own legislation, 29
  September 2005, http//www.biodiesel.org/resources
  /pressreleases/gen/20050929_mn_mandate_implemented
  .pdf / ( 10 September 2007).
• Peter Ngo, Minnesota Government Pushing
  State-Wide B-20 Mandate, Ethanol Biodiesel
  News XIX, 34 (20 August 2007), n.p.

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Sources

• Slide 14
• European Biodiesel Board, "Production of
  Biodiesel in the EU," http//www.ebb-eu.org/biodie
  sel.php/ (10 September 2007).
• Global Energies and Utilities Market Research,
  "Biodiesel 2020 A Global Market Survey,"
  http//www.emerging-markets.com/biodiesel/default.
  asp/ (10 September 2007).
• Verband der Deutschen Blokraftstoffindustrie
  e.V., "All About Biodiesel The German Market,"
  http//www.biokraftstoffverband.de/vdbi/allabout/m
  arket.html/ (10 September 2007).
• Slide 15
• Natural Resources Canada, Safety and
  Performance, http//tinyurl.com/232kbr/ (3
  October 2007).
• Slide 16
• Natural Resources Canada, Safety and
  Performance, http//tinyurl.com/232kbr/ (3
  October 2007).
• Biodiesel-Sued, Freigabeframe,"
  http//www.biodiesel-sued.de/frames/freigabeframe.
  html (10September 10 2007).
• Slide 17
• National Biodiesel Board, Retail Fueling Sites,
  http//www.biodiesel.org/buyingbiodiesel/retailfue
  lingsites/ (20 September 2007).
• Slide 18
• Google Earth, http//earth.google.com/ (30
  September 2007).
• Natural Resources Canada, Vehicle and Fuel
  Availability, http//tinyurl.com/28hwhl/ (27
  September 2007).

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Image / Sound / Design Credits

• Slide 2
• Permission to reprint Winter Smog photograph
  of Montreal granted by the Centre de Ressources
  en Impacts et Adaptation au Climat et à ses
  Changements (CRIACC). http//www.criacc.qc.ca/vill
  es/air_e.html/.
• Slides 2-4
• Background traffic sounds by Partners in Rhyme,
  Royalty Free Music Sound Effects,
  http//www.partnersinrhyme.com/soundfx/citysounds.
  shtml/ (15 September 2007).
• Slide 3
• Unpublished photograph by Toon Timmermans,
  reprinted with permission.
• Slide 6
• Unpublished photograph by Christina Nilsen.
• Slide 11
• Unpublished photographs by Toon Timmermans,
  reprinted with permission.
• Slide 17
• Permission to reprint the US biodiesel retailers
  map granted by the National Biodiesel Board,
  http//www.biodiesel.org/buyingbiodiesel/retailfue
  lingsites/default.shtm/ (20 September 2007).