19th c. liberal reformers

1
19th c. liberal reformers

• Freedom of speech, press, assembly
• Abolished slavery tribute
• Abolished fueros for clergy military
• Separation of church state (education)
• Opposed to communal property holding
• by church natives
• Promoted free trade, export-oriented production
• Federalist, to aid econ development of provinces

2
19th c. timeline

• 1825-50 Conservative backlash
• following wars of independence
• due to leadership chaos economic
  disruptions stagnation
  
• 1860s Liberal resurgence
• 1870s Neocolonial compromise
• 1880s Order progress ideology

3
Benito Juarez, Mexico 1846-1872Gov. Oaxaca, Min.
Justice, Pres.
4
Neocolonialism, 1870s-1914

• Global division of production
  center/periphery
  
• Boom/bust commodity cycles
• Argentina Uruguay wheat, beef
• Honduras bananas
• Brazil sugar, coffee, rubber
• Cuba sugar
• Chile nitrates, copper
• Peru guano

5
19th c. Chile

• mid-century oligarchic rule
• landlords merchants, supporting church
• feudal structurearistocrats peons
• 1859 revolution by liberal capitalists, failed
• 1871 first liberal pres. elected nitrate boom
• rise of new capitalists over old landowning
  oligarchy

6
19th c. social life

• Castes legally abolished
• military prowess whitened mestizos socially
• language, dress indicated cultural identity
• Indigenous communal landowners displaced
• railroad expansion, liberal capitalist
  individualism
  
• became tenant farmers, debt peons
• Women confined to domestic sphere
• virginity legitimacy were matters of family
  honor
  
• Church influence gradually reduced
• women indigenous groups the most loyal to
  church

7
Sarmiento on civilization race

• It may appear unjust to exterminate savages,
  destroy nascent civilizations, conquer peoples
  who occupy land this is rightly theirs but
  thanks to this injustice America, instead of
  being abandoned to savages who are incapable of
  progress, is today occupied by the Caucasian
  race--the most perfect, intelligent, beautiful,
  and progressive of all races that inhabit the
  earth.

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Caribbean sugar plantation, 1823
9
Sugar plantation, Havana 1860
10
19th c. Cuba

• Haitian Revolution of 1790s made Cuba major
  global sugar producer
  
• imported 600,000 slaves from 1800-1850
• from 1840 rail lines, steam engines for mills
• schemes to annex Cuba to U.S. as slave states
• separatist war, 1868-78
• led by creoles in E. Cuba
• offered slaves freedom in return for fighting
• 1880 abolition proclaimed by Spanish
• to retain loyalty of Cuban blacks ended planter
  loyalty

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Causes of abolition

• slavery became unprofitable, vs. tenancy
• slave rebellion a source of inefficiency,
  conflict
  
• slaves offered freedom during independence wars
• post-independence chaos made retention of slaves
  difficult
  
• liberal ideals incompatible with slavery
• Great Britain hostile to slavery
• abolished trade in 1807 for British dominions

12
Abolition timeline

• Trade ended 1808 in U.S., 1850 Brazil, 1867 Cuba
• Abolition
• 1820s Chile, Mexico, Central America (few
  slaves)
  
• 1854 Venezuela (1830 child manumission law)
• 1865 U.S. South
• 1870s free womb laws in Cuba, Brazil
• 1880/86 Cuba, by Spanish imperial government
• 1888 Brazil