Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal

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Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
Theodore Roosevelt
Nobel prize winner, physical culturalist, naval
historian, essayist, biographer,
paleontol- igist, taxidermist, ornith- ologist,
field naturalist, conservationist, big game
hunter, editor, critic, rancher, orator,
colonel of cavalry. . .
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Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
He brought to the office of President a
broad conception of its powers and invested the
presidency with something of its modern status,
as the center of national political life A
conservative, but also a reformer
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Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
Roosevelt
Born into wealth
Frail as child (asthma)
Drove himself physically and intellectually
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Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
Roosevelt
Served in New York State Assembly and displayed
an energy seldom seen in that lethargic body.
After wifes and mothers death on the same day,
he became a rancher in the Dakota Badlands
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Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
Roosevelt
Became the police Commissioner of New York
Citya flamboyant battler against crime and
vice
Vigorously campaigned for the election of William
McKinley
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Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
. . . made outstanding war plans including the
plan that Admiral Dewey used in routing the
Spanish fleet in the Philippines in the early
days of the Spanish American War
Then left that position to serve as an officer
in the Army volunteers
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Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
Elected Governor of New York in 1900
New York Republican political machines found
too difficult to control
Boss Platt hatched a scheme to kick upstairs
Nominated as vice presidential candidate for
William McKinleys second term
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Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
President McKinley. . .
. . .assassinated 6 months into his second
term
At age 42, Roosevelt becomes the 26th
President of the United States
Youngest president (John F. Kennedy was
youngest person elected president)
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Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
As president
Boxed with professionals (blinded in one eye)
Galloped 100 miles on horseback to show it
could be done
Spared a bear cub on a hunting trip toy company
therefore named the teddy bear after him
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Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
Roosevelts leadership and publicity campaigns
helped create the modern presidency, making
him a model by which all future presidents
would be measured
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Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
Used dynamic personality and popularity to
advance his programs
National welfare felt government should
control whenever states proved incapable of
dealing with problemsnot a traditional
Republican viewbut change should be cautious
and moderate
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Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
Policy of the square deal if big business
victimized workers, he would see to it that
common people were helped
His study of history convinced him that U. S.
required a strong Federal govt. that was the
mediator of the public good with president at
the center
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Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
Heart of his policy desire to win for federal
government the power to investigate the
activities of corporations and publicize the
results
He believed pressure of educated public
opinion would alone eliminate most corporate
abuses and gov. should legislate solutions to
remaining problems
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Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
Trust-busting
Did not believe all trusts were harmful
Sought to curb trusts when their actions hurt
public trust
Belief only big business could ensure national
greatness
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Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
Trust-busting
Roosevelt Administration filed 44 antitrust
suits
Won many, broke up some trusts, but did not
slow merger movement
Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission
and found success trying to regulate railroads
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Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
1902 Coal Strike
140,000 PA miners struck and demanded 20 raise
9-hour day
Management refused to even meet with the
strikers
Roosevelt solved by calling both sides to talk
at the White Houseand threatened Federal
take-over of mines
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Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
1902 Coal Strike
Both sides finally agreed to submit differences
to an arbitration commission as a mediator

1903commission settlement 10 pay raise 9
hour workday no closed shop (closed shop
means all workers must belong to the union)
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Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
1902 Coal Strike
Roosevelts actions set new principles

• Federal government expected to
• intervene when a strike threatened
• the public welfare

• Disputes can be settled in an orderly
• way with the help of experts

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Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
Regulating Railroads
Elkins Act of 1903rebates (special discounts)
to shippers illegal
Hepburn Act of 1906strictly limited free
railroad passes (form of bribery)
Also gave ICC power to set maximum shipping
rates, subject to court approval
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Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
Public Health Laws
1906 Pure Food and Drug Act, halted the sale
of contaminated foods and medicines and
called for truth in labeling.
Progressive belief if given accurate
information, people would act wisely.
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Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
After reading The Jungle by Upton Sinclair
, Roosevelt
appointed a commission to investigate meat
packing industry
Roosevelt pushed for the Meat Inspection Act
of 1906
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Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
Public Health Laws
Meat Inspection Act dictated strict
cleanli- ness requirements for meatpackers and
began program of Federal meat inspection
Meat Act Hepburn Act progressive principle of
government regulation.
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Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
Conservation
First president to pay attention to natural
resources
Said forest and water problems were vital
national concerns
Attacked environmental problems with great
zeal banned Christmas Tree at White House in
1902
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Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
Conservation
Naturalist John Muir. . .
. . . persuaded Roosevelt to set aside 148
million acres of forest reserves, during a
Yosemite NP camping trip in 1903
Roosevelt also set aside 1.5 million acres for
water power sites and 80 million acres for U. S.
Geological Survey to explore for minerals
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Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
Conservation
1905 Roosevelt named professional
conservationist Gifford Pinchot the head of
the U. S. Forest Service
Pinchot persuaded Roosevelt to keep large tracts
of federal land exempt from private sale to
conserve forest and grazing lands
Roosevelt also funded large-scale irrigation
projects and dams in West
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Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
The Panic of 1907
U. S. industrial production had outrun
the capacity of either domestic or foreign
markets to absorb it (producing too much) Once
again, banking system and stock marketpathetic
inadequacies Irresponsible speculation and
rampant financial mismanagement
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Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
The Panic of 1907
Roosevelt reassured business leaders that he
would not interfere with recovery efforts J.
P. Morgan helped construct a pool of assets of
several important New York banks to prop up
shaky financial institutions The panic subsided
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Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
Like many progressives, Roosevelts reforms did
not include civil rights for African Americans
He did, however, support a few individual Blacks
Hosted Booker T. Washington at the White House
for dinner appointed some Blacks to federal
jobs
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Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
W. E. B. Du Bois others upset by
Roosevelts indifference to civil rights
In 1909, several African Americans and some
White reformers met in New York and founded the
National Association for The Advancement of
Colored People (NAACP)
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William Howard Taft
When Roosevelt won re-election in 1904, he
pledged not to run for another term in 1908.
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William Howard Taft
Personally selected his own successor
Secretary of War, William H. Taft
Democrats ran, for the third time, William
Jennings Bryan
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William Howard Taft
In Roosevelts shadow
When I am addressed as Mr. President, I
turn around to see whether (Roosevelt is) not
at my elbow.
As president, he pursued a cautious agenda
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William Howard Taft
Taft broke up 90 trusts in 4 years Roosevelt
broke up 44 in 7 ½ yrs.
Campaigned on a platform of lowering tariffs
House passed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff but
Senate conservative Republicans eliminated most
cuts. Taft signed anyway, angering progressive
Republicans.
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William Howard Taft
Conservation
Taft angered conservationists by appointing
Richard A. Ballinger as Secretary of the
Interior
Seattle lawyer who disapproved of
conservationist control of western lands
Removed 1 million acres of forest and mining
lands from reserved list and approved for sale to
developers
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William Howard Taft
Conservation
After Gifford Pinchot had an argument with
Ballinger, Taft fired Pinchot as head of U. S.
Forest Servicefurther angering
conservationists.
Tafts actions seemed to favor big business
interests over those of conservationists and
the land.
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William Howard Taft
Tafts cautious nature made it impossible for
him to hold the two wings of the GOP (Grand
Old Party) together.
Progressives (change)
Conservatives (no change)
GOP began to tear apart
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The Election of 1912
1910, Roosevelt returned from a hunting safari in
Africa and said that the Republican Party needed
new leadership.
1912, Roosevelt decided to challenge the
incumbent Taft, his old friend, for the
Republican nomination
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The Election of 1912
Roosevelts policies as he re-entered politics

• Graduated income tax
• Graduated inheritance tax
• Workers compensation
• for industrial accidents
• Regulation of the labor of
• women and children
• Tariff revision
• Firmer regulation of corporations

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The Election of 1912
The result of the rift in the Republican Party
and Tafts inability to repair it was the loss
of the House of Representatives to the
Democrats in 1910first Democratic control in 18
years.
Mid-term elections
Similar to stunning Democratic loss in 1994
mid-term elections
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The Election of 1912
1911, Roosevelt begins to aspire to another run
for President
1911 Anti-trust decision by Taft
Administration October 1911 suit against U. S.
Steel challenging policies personally
approved by Roosevelt Reluctant to run because
LaFollette had been working for nomination
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The Election of 1912
1911, Roosevelt begins to aspire to another run
for President
February, 1912 LaFollette suffers a nervous
breakdown
LaFollettes supporters turned to Roosevelt
Roosevelt declared candidacy
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The Election of 1912
Roosevelt wins overwhelming victories over Taft
in 13 primary elections
June 1912 Taft supporters (party bosses) will
not seat Roosevelt supporters Taft nominated on
first ballot
Roosevelts supporters form a new, third party
the Progressive Party
Nominate Roosevelt for President
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The Election of 1912
Bull Moose platform

• Direct election of senators

• Initiative, referendum recall
• in all states

• Womens suffrage

• National workmens compensation

• Eight-hour workday

• Minimum wage for women

• Federal law against child labor

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The Election of 1912
Democrats nominated Woodrow Wilson of New
Jersey
Campaigned for New Freedom
Taft and Roosevelt turned to calling each
other names while Wilson stayed above it all
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The Election of 1912
Fourth candidate Socialist Eugene V. Debs
Results similar to those of 1992
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Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom
Thomas Woodrow Wilson

• Originally from the South

• Grandson, son, nephew of
• Presbyterian ministers

• Strict moral upbringing

• Graduate of College of
• New Jersey (now Princeton Univ.)

• Returned to Princeton as a political
• science professor

• Named Princeton president 1902
• national praise for campus reforms

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Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom
New Jersey political machine tapped Wilson to
run for governor in 1910
Elected, but declared himself independent of
machine afterward
Progressive programs as governor
Direct primary
Workmens Compensation
Regulation of public utilities and railroads
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Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom
Elected president in 1912moved to enact laws
based on his program of New Freedom
Attack on the triple wall of privilege
Trusts, Tariffs, High Finance
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Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom
View of role of the government different from
that of Roosevelt.
Instead of regulating trusts, government
should break them up.
Government should not get larger business
should shrink
Main focus attack large concentrations of
power to give more freedom to average citizens.
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Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom
Concentrated powers of Executive branch in his
own hands Delegated real authority only to those
whom he considered loyal beyond question Most
powerful figure in his administration Colonel
Edward M. House
Democratic majorities in both houses of
Congress
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Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom
Significantly lowered tariffs
To replace those revenues. . .
Pushed through the Sixteenth Amendment (ratified
in 1913), which legalized a graduated income tax.
Taxed higher incomes at a higher rate than lower
incomes.
Created a national budget surplus
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Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom
Financial Reform
Pushed through the Federal Reserve Act of 1913
Divided U. S. into 12 districts
All national banks in a given district
affiliated with their districts Federal Reserve
bank
Established the Federal Reserve System today
controls U. S. finance
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Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom
Federal Trade Act of 1914
Set up a 5-member watchdog agency called
the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) with the
power to investigate possible violations of
laws regulating business and to put a stop to
unfair business competition and business
practices.
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Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom
Clayton Antitrust Act
1914
Strengthened Sherman Antitrust Act of 1896
Declared certain business practices illegal
Corporations could no longer acquire stock of
another corporation if so doing would create a
monopoly
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Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom
Clayton Antitrust Act
Officers of companies who violated the law
could be prosecuted
Labor unions and farm organizations could exist
and would no longer be subject to antitrust laws
Strikes, peaceful picketing, boycotts,
collecting strike benefits became legal.
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Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom
Clayton Antitrust Act
Samuel Gompers
The Clayton Act was a Magna Carta for labor.
Enhanced relationship between organized labor
and Democratic Party
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Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom
Early 1913, summoned Congress to special
session to deliver a State of the
Union Address.
Set a precedent continued to this day
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Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom
Presided over the passage of the Nineteenth
Amendment by Congress in 1919 and its
ratification in August 1920, but had refused to
support the concept of womens suffrage himself
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Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom
Wilsons Progressive Shortcomings
Opposed a federal child labor law as
unconstitutional
Placed segregationists in charge of federal
agencies, expanding segregation in the
federal government, military and in Washington,
D. C.
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Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom
Wilsons Progressive Shortcomings
Placed white Southerners in his cabinet, thereby
extending segregation
Opposed federal anti-lynching laws arguing that
such crimes fell within states jurisdictions.
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The U. S. A World Power
Roosevelt strong progressive in domestic, or
national affairs. . .
. . . but equally well-known for his strong
efforts in international affairs
Continued McKinleys thrust toward making the U.
S. a world power.
Significant contribution
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The U. S. A World Power
China
Europeans Japanese carving up Many in U. S.
feared the U. S. would be cut out
John Hay Asking only the open door for
ourselves, we are ready to accord the open door
to others.
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The U. S. A World Power
Open Door Notes
Each nation with a sphere of influence in China
respect the Rights and privileges of other
Nations in its sphere Chinese officials
continue to collect tariffs in all spheres
(existing tariff favored the U. S.) No
discrimination in levying port dues and railroad
rates
Roosevelt vital for maintaining U. S. trade in
the Pacific region and for preventing any single
nation from establishing dominance there
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The U. S. A World Power
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
After a year of fighting, Japanese won
overwhelmingly at sea and on land.
War causing huge economic drain on Japanese.
Japanese asked Roosevelt to mediate the
conflict.
Aboard ship, Portsmouth, NH, 1905
Got both sides to give and take
Nobel Peace Prize, 1906
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The U. S. A World Power
San Francisco1906, segregated Asian students
into separate schools
Anti-American riots in Japan
Roosevelt intervened
1907-08Gentlemens Agreement San Francisco
stopped segregation Japan limited emigration
to U. S.
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The U. S. A World Power
Great White Fleet
16 white battleshipsRoosevelt sent on a
world tour--1907.
Demonstrated U. S. naval powerworld class
navy
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The U. S. A World Power
Great White Fleet
Warmly received by Japanese
Prompted the Japanese to increase the size
of their fleet
Eventually, the Americans Japanese, through
diplomatic relations, pledged to respect each
others possessions interests in East Asia
the Pacific.
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The U. S. A World Power
Roosevelt Corollary
Many South American nations in debt to banks
in Europe.
Roosevelt feared European nations would
intervene if SA nations defaulted.
Roosevelt determined to make U. S. predominant
power in Caribbean and Central America
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The U. S. A World Power
Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe DoctrineBig
Stick Policy
Speak softly and carry a big stick!
Warned European nations to stay out of Western
Hemisphere U. S. would exercise international
police power if necessary.
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The U. S. A World Power
Panama Canal
When Roosevelt became President, U. S. had
already achieved 3 of Mahans recommendations.
Modern navy
Bases in Caribbean
Bases in Hawaii
Roosevelt goal to accomplish the 4th
recommendationcanal in Central America
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The U. S. A World Power
Panama Canal
Engineers found two possible routes.
Nicaragua
Fewer obstacles
Would cross Lake Nicaragua
Panama (Colombia)
Shorter
Mountains, swamps, jungle
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The U. S. A World Power
Panama Canal
Philippe Bunau-Varilla
Chief engineer of project
Investor in New Panama Canal Company
Sent all U. S. senators a Nicaraguan stamp
showing an erupting volcano
Convinced Senate to approve building a canal
through Panama
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The U. S. A World Power
Panama Canal
Panama owned by Colombia
Roosevelt tried to get Colombia to sell Panama
to U. S.
Colombia refused
Bunau-Varilla helped organize a Panamanian
rebellion. . .
supported by 11 U. S. warships.
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The U. S. A World Power
Panama Canal
U. S. negotiated treaty with Colombia
Panamanian independence
U. S. control of 10-mile-wide canal zone
1921U. S. paid Colombia 25 million
U. S. began construction in 1904
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The U. S. A World Power
Panama Canal
Workers fought diseases like yellow fever and
bubonic plague
More than 5,600 workers died from disease.
Total cost to the U. S. 380 million
The process of how the U. S. got the land from
Colombia caused ill will between South American
countries and the U. S. for many years.
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The U. S. A World Power
Dollar Diplomacy
Example of U. S. police power Taft
sent Marines to Nicaragua in 1911 to protect U.
S. banking interests.
Some Marine units stayed in Nicaragua until
1933.
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The U. S. A World Power
Wilson little interest or experience in
diplomacy
U. S. in Dominican Republic since 1905
1915 landed Marines in Haiti to quell a
revolution
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The U. S. A World Power
Wilson Missionary Diplomacy
U. S.--moral responsibility to deny
recognition to any South American government
it considered oppressive, undemocratic, or
hostile to U. S. interests.
Policy pressured other Western Hemisphere
nations to establish democratic governments.
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The U. S. A World Power
Wilson Missionary Diplomacy
First test of policy Mexico
Mexican Revolution 1911
Dictator Porfirio Diaz overthrown by peasants
and workers 1910
Francisco Madero president 1911
1913General Victoriano Huerta took over
government executed Madero
Wilson refused to recognize
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The U. S. A World Power
Wilson Missionary Diplomacy
Small incident in April 1914 brought U. S. and
Mexico close to war.
Marines invaded Vera Cruz200 Mexicans died
Situation calmed when Huerta overthrown in 1915
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The U. S. A World Power
Wilson Missionary Diplomacy
Huerta overthrown by Venustiano Carranza
Wilson recognized Carranza govt.
Emiliano Zapata and Francisco Pancho Villa
rebelled against Carranza
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The U. S. A World Power
Wilson Missionary Diplomacy
Villa angry over Wilsons Recognition of
Carranzas government
Villa threatened reprisals against U. S.
January 1916Villa kidnapped U. S. miners in
Mexico executed them
March 1916Villa raided Columbus, N.M. killed
17 Americans.
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The U. S. A World Power
Wilson Missionary Diplomacy
Wilson sent an expeditionary force of 15,000
soldiers under General John J. Pershing
Pershing never caught Villa
U. S. withdrew force 1917, to prepare for
entry into World War I
Pershings operations angered many Mexicans
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The U. S. A World Power
U. S. intervention in Mexican affairs
represented American imperialist attitudes in
the early 20th century.
Americans believed their political and economic
institutions were superior and tried to extend
them to other nationseven by military force.
Unlike Europeans and Japanese, few Americans
wanted to annex territory.