SPAIN IN THE MARIANAS

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SPAIN IN THEMARIANAS
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Part 1Spanish ClaimsThe Golden Century
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Roots of European Exploration

• Crusades
• Desire for Asian Goods spices and silk
• Futility of overland routes
• Naval buildup of Spain Portugal

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Map of Europe-Asia
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Magellans Route
Magellans Route
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The Trade WarSpain Portugal

• Portuguese Exploration Around Africa
• Treaty of Tordesillas (1493)
• Columbus Sail West to Go East

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Spanish caravel
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Early Chamorros
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Breaking into the Pacific

• Magellans Voyage Around the Horn
• First Encounter on Guam
• Untimely End in the Philippines
• Spices from East Indies
• Subsequent Voyages to Pacific

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Ferdinand Magellan
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Spanish Claim to the Marianas

• Details of the visit
• Planting the Spanish Flag on Guam

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Legazpi
Legazpi
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Legazpi planting flag
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Sequel to Legazpis Visit

• First Colony in the Philippines
• Eastward Passage across Pacific
• Beginning of the galleon route
• Marianas as a reprovisioning stop

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Manila galleon route
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Part 2Mission in the Marianas
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Background

• Sanvitores introduction to Guam
• Petitions to Marianas of Austria
• Decree authorizing Mission

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Mariana of Austria
Queen Mariana of Austria
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Arrival of Spaniards

• Composition of first party
• Establishment of base at Hagatna
• Character of Sanvitores
• Opening of boys school
• Death of Quipuha

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Sanvitores
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Trouble on Outer Islands

• Priest on Tinian attacked (Aug 1668)
• Catechist on Anatahan killed (July 1669)
• Sanvitores to Tinian on peace mission (1670)
• Priest and 2 helpers killed on Saipan (1670)
• Chocos stories about baptism

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Hostilities on Guam

• Murder of Spanish boy near Hagatna (1670)
• Spanish retaliation execution of a chief
• Month-long siege of Spanish fort
• Rout of Chamorro forces and uneasy peace

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Renewal of Hostilities

• Catechists and soldiers killed in distant village
  (March 1672)
  
• Sanvitores and catechist killed at Tumon (April
  1672)
  
• Peaceful interlude
• Four Jesuits killed (1674-1676)

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Spanish Countermeasures

• Punitive attacks on 6 Guam villages (1674-75)
• First Spanish governor appointed (1676)
• New troops brought from Philippines (1676)
• Quirogas pacification program (1680 on)
• Pursuit of rebels on Rota

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Map of Marianas
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The Last Stand

• Quirogas expedition to the north (1684)
• Conquests on Tinian and Saipan
• Chamorro attack on Guam fort
• Uprising on Rota 3 priests killed
• Quiroga fights off attackers on Saipan
• Quirogas return to Guam and rout (1685)
• Retaliation burning villages

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Final Reduction

• Quirogas return to the northern islands (1694)
• Submission of Rota
• Assault on Saipan, Tinian and Aguigan (1695)
• Removal of population to Guam, Rota and Saipan
  (1698)

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Carolinian canoes
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Depopulation

• Original population estimates
• 1710 census 3,539 Chamorros
• Population drop from 40,000 to less than 4,000
  in 40 years
  
• Explanations for the drop

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Discussion

• How do you explain the attacks on missionaries so
  soon after arrival?
  
• What caused the escalation of hostilities?
• Why the huge depopulation?

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Part 3 Spanish Colonial Era
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Background

• Usefulness of the colony to Spain
• Military garrison
• Finance for the colony galleon trade and
  subsidy
  
• Social geography of the towns
• Religious life
• Attempts to make colony self-supporting

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Part 4 19th Century Reawakening
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Background

• Twilight of the Spanish empire
• End of the galleon trade and subsidy
• Spanish policy changes opening the islands to
  outside interests
  
• Arrival and settlement of Carolinians
• European naval expeditions

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Commercial Influences

• China trade
• Whaleship traffic
• Copra trade

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End of the Spanish Era

• Philippine independence movement
• Macabebes on Saipan
• Resettlement of northern islands by Chamorros
• Spanish-American War
• Final split of the Marianas

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