Today South Asia

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Today South Asia

• Green Revolution positive or negative
• Natural resources industry

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Last time Questions?

• Agriculture cattle
• Green Revolution
• Consequences of Green Revolution

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South Asia GR

• Per hectare productivity up
• Yet still below worlds best
• Poor performance due to
• Uncertain Monsoon and lack too little irrigation
• Tenure uneven
• Most small holders are too poor gt
• Cannot afford inputs
• But, since late 1960s S Asia has been able to
  feed itself but for how long?

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Globally, Problems Successes critics and
advocates

• Successes
• Improved productivity 2-3 times as much per
  hectare
• Far lower prices for main grain crops world wide
• Lower rates of extensification world wide
• Vastly increased food production
• Lower proportions of hunger and lower absolute
  numbers
• But regionally variable

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Yields Are Up, But Growth is Slowing
World Resources Institute
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Problems with the GR technology

• Chemical pollution
• Runoff can enter water tables and poison local
  water sources
• Individual farmers often have very little
  knowledge of risks using pesticides especially
  thus compromising their health

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Problems with GR technology II

• Soil damage
• Chemicals, especial herbicides and other organic
  killers, can also kill micro organisms within the
  soils
• Very tight spacing of crops in the field lead
  to large demands on the soils for nutrients
• Tight spacing and mechanization can lead to soil
  compaction
• Erosion salinization

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Other Problems

• Uneven geographic and crop-specific impacts
• Little improvement in pulses and root crops
• Little improvement in dryland crops - mostly
  un-irrigated (barley, millets, and sorghums)
• Regionally uneven
• Recent increases due to increase in fertilizer
  use not seeds per se

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Problems continued

• Impacts on large and small holders
• Difficult for poor to afford the package
• Benefits of improved output mostly to the already
  relatively better off
• Other criticisms
• Genetic loss
• Petroleum dependence (fertilizer)
• Dependence on irrigation
• Does not solve the food problem

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Natural Resources Industry

• India dominant for resources and industry
• Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan new centers
  for low-tech assembly (maquiladora type labor)
• Indian natural resources
• Iron coal
• Little petroleum

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Industry Economic Development

• Industrial development British colonial legacy
• New back office and hi-tech developments
• Maquiladora-type, export led developments
• Micro-credit
• Muhammad Yunus Grameen Bank Awarded The Nobel
  Peace Prize for 2006 www.grameen-info.org/
• Also see www.kiva.org

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Locales of industrial development

• Pakistan Lahlore
• Bangladesh Dhaka
• India
• Old colonial cities
• Mumbai/Bombay Delhi light industry finance
• Calcutta W Bengal heavy industry
• New Silicon plateau Bangalore-Madras

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