Punctuation, Part 3

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Punctuation, Part 3

• Other Punctuation Applications

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What Will You Learn?

• To join INDEPENDENT CLAUSES within a sentence
  with a semicolon
• To separate items in a SERIES that contain
  internal commas with a semicolon
• To join a SERIES of INDEPENDENT CLAUSES with a
  semicolon
• To use a semicolon with ENUMERATIONS
• To use colons for LISTINGS and EXPLANATIONS
• To use dashes to EMPHASIZE and SUMMARIZE

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Semicolon, No Conjunction
When two or more closely related independent clauses (complete thoughts) are not joined by a coordinating conjunction, place a semicolon between the clauses. For very short independent clauses, though, use a comma.
independent clauses Please fax your manuscript today I must take the articles to the printer on Monday. Our company will make the frames Atlas Steelwill manufacture the body Pitman Bros. will provide the motors.
short clauses She golfs, she jogs, she swims.
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Semicolon, Conjunction
When two separate, complete thoughts are joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor), place a semicolon before the conjunction if either or both the independent clauses contain one or more commas.
A comma is used to separate the independent clauses when neither of the clauses contains an internal comma.
no commaswithin clauses We have received the results of your medical examination, and your application for insurance has been approved.
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Semicolon, Conjunction
commas in one clause Our director of sales and marketing, Diana Caldera, needs an additional assistant immediately but she will be unable to interview applicants until her return from Indianapolis on June 7.
commas in both clauses Many companies, on the other hand, use our software to scan applicants' résumés and as a result of this practice, they have been able to reduce costs in selecting well-qualified personnel.
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Semicolon, With Transitional Expressions
When two independent clauses are joined by a transitional expression, use a semicolon before the expression. Place a comma after transitional expressions containing more than one syllable or one-syllable transitional expressions requiring a strong pause. A partial listing of parenthetical expressions is given below and on the following slide.
accordingly after all also as a matter of fact as a result in the meantime in other words nevertheless
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Semicolon, With Transitional Expressions
as a rule in the first place
consequently of course
for example on the contrary
fortunately on the other hand
furthermore perhaps
hence therefore
however under the circumstances
in addition without a doubt
in fact
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Semicolon, With Transitional Expressions
semicolon and comma Our supply order must be submitted by April 28 consequently, please submit your request for supplies by April 26. Your order reached us on February 14 as a result, your order qualifies for free shipping.
semicolon and no comma Please complete the enclosed forms by December 1 then you will be eligible to receive all employee benefits on January 1.
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Semicolon, Series
If a series contains internal commas, separate the items in a series with semicolons.
? This year's awardees included Ms. Pamela Rockwell, president, Stuart Enterprises Mr. Jason Wilder, vice president, Reston Federal Bank and Mrs. Fran Chandler, treasurer, Data Research Systems.
? We have opened new branch offices in Fort Worth, Texas Seattle, Washington and Chattanooga, Tennessee.
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Semicolon, Series
If a series consists of three or more independent clauses (complete thoughts), separate the items in the series with semicolons. In the case of very short independent clauses (fewer than six or seven words), separate the items with commas.
series of long independent clauses Provide the information requested on the enclosed expense forms sign those forms that require a signature and return the materials with your receipts to our Denver office.
series of short independent clauses Make the corrections, sign my name, and mail the letter today.
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When a complete thought introduces a series with an introductory term such as namely, that is, or for example, place a semicolon after the complete thought and a comma after the introductory expression.
? Be sure to spell out street designations in all addresses namely, Avenue, Street, and Boulevard.
? My new assistant has many excellent characteristics for example, punctuality, discreetness, and loyalty.
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Use a colon after a complete thought that introduces a formal listing of items.
direct introduction Please order these items for the receptionarea four upholstered chairs, one oak bookcase, and two lamps.
indirect introduction Three applicants were interviewed for the position Bryan Donnelly, Carol Jones, and Chris Martinez.
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Join two sentences with a colon when the second sentence explains, illustrates, or supplements the first.
explains Ms. Jones believes that our last sales quota was set too high we were nearly 1 million short of reaching it.
illustrates We are looking for salespeople who can penetrate the existing market we need sales representatives who are friendly, assertive, and knowledgeable in the product area.
supplements We interviewed three applicants today you may wish to review their files before a final decision is made.
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Dash?Essential Uses

To join a listingand its summarystatement
Trophies, plaques,medals?we offera complete
line ofawards.
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Dash?Essential Uses

To distinguish anappositive withinternal
commasfrom the rest ofthe sentence
One of our members?Alice Lee, owner ofFive Star
Realty?hasbeen placed in chargeof the project.
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Dash?Essential Uses

To distinguish aparentheticalremark with
internalcommas from themain idea of thesentence
Your complimentarytickets?that is, if youstill
want them?arebeing held at the boxoffice.
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Dash, Used for Emphasis
For emphasis use a dash to replace commas that set off appositives or parenthetical expressions.
dash with appositive The sweepstakes winnerCory Andrews?was notified yesterday.
dash with parentheticalexpression You may?by the way?wish to look further into the athletic programs offered by various colleges.
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Dash, Used for Emphasis
For emphasis use a dash to replace a semicolon or a colon.
dash instead of semicolon The request to lower the assessed valuation of your home was not approved?of course, we are appealing this decision.
dash instead of colon This shoe style with its companion purse is available in five colors?black, navy, red, bone, and white.
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Dash, Format
Access the extended character set of your word processing program to use an em dash, a hyphen the width of an m. Leave no space before or after the dash.
? White, wheat, rye, sour dough?all our sandwiches are available on these breads.
? The first candidate we interviewed?Candace Johnson?appears to be the best-qualified person for this position.
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Dash, Format
If an em dash is unavailable, form the dash by typing two hyphens. Leave no space before, between, or after the hyphens.
? You are eligible to receive this discount--but only if we receive your order by July 31.
? Several accessories--a color 19-inch monitor, a color inkjet printer, and a flatbed scanner--are included in the price of this system.
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