UML Models for DAML Ontologies

1
UML Models for DAML Ontologies

• OMG Agent SIG 12/11/00
• Dr. Paul Kogut and Bill Holmes
• Lockheed Martin Management Data Systems
• Lewis Hart - GRC International

2
Roadmap

• Agents and Ontologies
• DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML)
• The DAML Program
• The Origins of DAML
• UML and DAML
• projects
• process example
• mapping
• mapping examples
• Conclusions

3
Agents and Ontologies

• Domain models are used at run-time
• agents share a context for efficient
  communication
• messages declare an ontology
• ontology vocabulary, relations, operations,
  rules, constraints...
• example ontology fruit-market
• ontology agent - allows application agents to
  query, retrieve and translate ontologies
• example agent conversation
• (cfp to i from j ontology fruit-market
  content (sell plum
  50))
• (propose to j from i ontology fruit-market
  content ((sell plum 50
  ) (cost 200)))
• (reject-proposal to i from j ontology
  fruit-market content
  (price-too-high))

4
Agents and Ontologies
learning
personal assistant agent
DAML annotated
knowledge base
information retrieval
user interface
reasoning
natural language processing
broker agent
ontology agent
business software
5
DARPA Agent Markup Language

• DAML will create the next major generation of
  Web/Internet technology...
• The first generation, the Internet, created
  largely by DARPA, enabled disparate machines to
  exchange data.
• The second generation, the World Wide Web,
  enabled a wide range of new applications on top
  of the growing Internet. The Web made a huge
  amount of information available, in
  human-readable form, allowing a revolution in new
  applications, environments, and b2c e-commerce.
• The next generation of the net is an
  agent-enabled resource (the Semantic Web)
  which makes a huge amount of information
  available in machine-readable form creating a
  revolution in new applications, environments, and
  b2b e-commerce.
• by enabling agent communication at a
  Web-wide scale.

from Hendler - DAML briefing - www.daml.org
6
DAML Program

• Main DAML website - www.daml.org
• Duration August 2000 to Fall 2002
• Approach
• MIT W3C semantic web concept
• www.w3.org/2000/Talks/0516-sweb-tbl/all
• extend XML/RDF
• represent ontologies
• annotate web pages and other information with
  links to ontologies

7
DAML Program

• 15 research teams and 1 integration team
• industry, academia and World Wide Web Consortium
• expertise in AI knowledge representation, logic
  and web technologies
• cooperation with European Union IST Program -
  www.cordis.lu/ist/
• DAML language definition
• DAML tools
• ontology development and verification
• web page annotation
• agent services
• ontology translation
• DAML trial applications
• Government imagery analysis, DoD logistics, DoD
  simulation
• Commercial information retrieval,
  transportation, financial

8
The Origins of DAML Web Technologies

• XML
• provides syntactic interoperability
• depends on implicit semantic agreements
• Resource Description Framework (RDF)
• designed for representing metadata for web
  resources with XML syntax
• triples
• RDF Schema
• adds OO concepts class and subclass
• For more information see www.w3.org

ltshoeGenGovermentOrganization rdfID"DARPA/gt lt
shoeGenOrganizationHomePage rdfabout"http//www
.darpa.mil/"gt ltshoeProjauthorOrg
rdfresource"DARPA" /gt lt/shoeGenOrganizationHom
ePagegt
9
The Origins of DAML AI Technologies

• SHOE - Simple HTML Ontology Extensions
• defines ontologies and inference rules in
  superset of HTML
• prototype for DAML ideas
• http//www.cs.umd.edu/projects/plus/SHOE/index.htm
  l
• OIL - Ontology Inference Layer
• defines ontologies on top of XML and RDF
• based on description logics
• research on tradeoffs between expressiveness and
  computational complexity
• influenced the semantics of DAML
• http//www.ontoknowledge.org/oil/
• DAML design issues
• efficient reasoning is important
• are traditional knowledge representation
  assumptions violated on the web?
• should web logic be monotonic or nonmonotonic?

10
The Origins of DAML Evolution

• DAML-ONT v1.2
• declarative knowledge representation
• specification and examples released October 2000
• http//www.daml.org/resources
• extensive discussions found on
• http//lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-rdf-logic/
  
• formal semantics specification
• http//www.ksl.stanford.edu/people/dlm/daml-ont-ki
  f-axioms-001129.html
• DAML-ONT v2.0
• expected early 2001
• DAML-L (logic)
• rule representation and reasoning
• draft expected early 2001

11
UML and DAML Projects

• Projects investigating UML DAML issues
• UML-based Ontology Toolset (UBOT)
• UML/XMI tools for DAML ontology development,
  webpage annotation and formal consistency
  checking
• http//ubot.lockheedmartin.com/
• Components for Ontology Driven Push (CODIP)
• DAML ontology development and fusion with Rose
  2000
• dissemination of DAML messages via channels
• http//grcinet.grci.com/maria/www/CodipSite/codip.
  html
• Stanford Database Group
• OntoAgents - http//WWW-DB.Stanford.EDU/OntoAgents
  /
• Layered Approach to Information Modeling and
  Interoperability
• http//www.interdataworking.com/converter/
• Representing UML in RDF
• http//www-db.stanford.edu/melnik/rdf/uml/

12
UML and DAML Process Example

• Baseline ontology for business

13
UML and DAML Process Example

• Extended ontology for e-commerce

14
UML and DAML Process Example

• Translation to DAML

15
UML and DAML Process Example

• Graphical annotation
• "Trey Clever is the CEO of the B2B company
  acronym.com".

16
UML and DAML Mapping

• A UML profile
• is a predefined set of stereotypes, taggedvalues,
  constraints and icons
• tailors UML for a specific domain or process
• Draft UML profile for DAML
• primary goal - translate class diagrams into DAML
  ontologies
• assumption purpose of model is to design a DAML
  ontology
• secondary goal - translate DAML ontologies into
  class diagrams
• future goal - translate legacy class diagrams
  into DAML
• approach - use UML extensions sparingly
• status - work in progress
• not all DAML concepts mapped to UML
• for more information see
• http//ubot.lockheedmartin.com/ubot/details/uml_to
  _daml.html
• http//grcinet.grci.com/maria/www/CodipSite/DAML_U
  ML/index.htm

17
UML and DAML Ontologies

• This model shows dependencies between ontologies.

18
UML and DAML Domain and Range

• Using explicit navigability and rolenames
• DAML property age
• domain Person
• range Integer
• DAML property mother-parent
• domain Person
• range Woman

19
UML and DAML Domain and Range

• Using name direction arrow and no rolenames
• DAML property age
• domain Person
• range Integer
• DAML property mother
• domain Person
• range Woman

20
UML and DAML subPropertyOf

• For simple hierarchy model subPropertyOf as
• stereotyped dependency between 2 associations

21
UML and DAML subPropertyOf

• For complex hierarchy model subPropertyOf as
• generalization between stereotyped classes

22
UML and DAML Cardinality
mincardinality
cardinality
maxcardinality
UniqueProperty
UnambiguousProperty
23
Conclusions

• Graphical modeling of DAML ontologies in UML
  appears to be a promising approach.
• Differences in the design goals and origins of
  UML and DAML complicate the mapping.
• We recommend that OMG initiate standards efforts
  related to DAML when the DAML definition
  stabilizes (mid 2001)
• standard UML profile for DAML
• consistent with UML profile for agents
• each Domain Task Force should develop standard
  DAML ontologies