Chapter 1 The Study of Life

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Chapter 1- The Study of Life

• Biology - the Study of living and once-living
  things
• bio - life
• ology - the study of

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• http//www.botany.com/

http//www.botany.com/index.13.htm
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Biologist -

• One who studies living and once-living things.

Lynn Margulis
http//www.bio.umass.edu/faculty/biog/margulis.htm
l
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Tools of Biology

• Magnifying glass - makes an object look three to
  five times larger

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• Binoculars - magnify far objects and make them
  look larger

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Light microscope

• (for small objects - similar to the way
  binoculars magnify objects far away.)

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The Compound Light Microscope
http//www.cas.muohio.edu/mbi-ws/microscopes/comp
oundscope.html
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• May have many lenses that magnify the object
• Eyepiece 10x magnification
• Objective 10x (low) or 40X (high)

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• Total magnification
• eyepiece X objective
• ex 10x X 40x 400x total magnification

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Stereomicroscope

• To look at large things that light cannot pass
  through (one eyepiece for each eye)

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Stereomicroscopes
http//scientificsonline.com/product.asp_Q_pn_E_31
19600
http//www.martinmicroscope.com/MicroscopePages/St
ereomicroscopes.htm
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Stereomicroscopes

• 3 - D image
• can only magnify 10x to 60x

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Electron Microscope

• can magnify more than 500,000x

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House Fly

• http//www.pbrc.hawaii.edu/bemf/microangela/hfly.h
  tm

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Microscope
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• arm - this attaches the eyepiece and body tube to
  the base.base - this supports the
  microscope.body tube - the tube that supports
  the eyepiece.

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• coarse focus adjustment - a knob that makes large
  adjustments to the focus.
• diaphragm - an adjustable opening under the
  stage, allowing different amounts of light onto
  the stage.

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• eyepiece - where you place your eye.fine focus
  adjustment - a knob that makes small adjustments
  to the focus (it is often smaller than the coarse
  focus knob).

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• high-power objective - a large lens with high
  magnifying power.inclination joint - an
  adjustable joint that lets the arm tilt at
  various angles.low-power objective - a small
  lens with low magnifying power.

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• mirror (or light source) - this directs light
  upwards onto the slide.revolving nosepiece - the
  rotating device that holds the objectives
  (lenses).

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• stage - the platform on which a slide is
  placed.stage clips - metal clips that hold a
  slide securely onto the stage.
• Enchanted Learning

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Microscope - Labeled
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Measurements in Biology

• English system - feet, yards, gallons

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• Metric system - the International System of Units
  SI based on units of 10

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Prefix Chart
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Micro 1/1,000,000

• 1 micrometer 1/1,000,000 of a meter
• 1 micrometer 1 micron

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• Length the distance from one point to another
• Unit - meter
• Tool - meter stick

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Volume the amount of space a substance occupies

• Unit - cubic meter m3 is too large use liter
  1/1000 m3
• l x w x h measured in cubic meters or m3

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• Liquid volume liters (L)
• 1 L 1000 mL
• Tool graduated cylinder

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Weight vs. Mass

• Weight how much force gravity exerts on an
  object
• Mass how much matter is in something

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• Unit kilogram
• Tool - electronic balance
• The weight of an object may differ on the moon
  or on earth, but the mass stays the same

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Time and Temperature

• Time the period between 2 events
• Unit - second
• Tool - clock or stopwatch

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Temperature

• A measure of the amount of heat in something
• Unit - Kelvin - but Celsius is most often used

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Tool - thermometer

• 00 C/320F freezing
• 1000C/2120F boiling
• 370C/98.60F body temperature

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Scientific Method -

• A series of steps used by scientists to solve
  problems.

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• Make observations.

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Problem -

• Recognize and research the problem

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Form a hypothesis

• Hypothesis - a statement that can be tested

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Experiment -

• Test the hypothesis using a stepwise procedure

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Variable

• what causes the change in an experiment
• Only one variable can be tested at a time

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• ex in the experiment with the guppies,
• 12 hours of light was the variable
• 24 hours of light was the control

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Data

• the recorded facts or measurements from an
  experiment

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• Ex guppies - recording the of young produced
  in both control and experimental groups

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Draw a Conclusion - Was the hypothesis right or
wrong?

• Perform the experiment to confirm results or make
  a new hypothesis.

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Theory -

• a hypothesis that is tested again and again by
  scientists with the same or similar results every
  time. This can be used to predict future events.