The Middle East Conflict

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The Middle East Conflict
A Troubled Past
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The Middle East Conflict
What caused the conflict between the Israelis and
the Arabs?
Israel was created by a United Nations action in
1947.
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The Middle East Conflict
Why cant a lasting peace be reached?
The Palestinian Arabs demand an independent state
in Israel.
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The Middle East Conflict
Middle East Leaders - Egypt
Gamal Nasser Pres. of Egypt 1956-1970
Overthrew King Farouk

• Modernizes Egypt - Aswan Nile Dam Project

Nile River
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The Middle East Conflict
Middle East Leaders - Egypt
Gamal Nasser Pres. of Egypt 1956-1970
Overthrew King Farouk

• Modernizes Egypt - Aswan Nile Dam Project

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The Middle East Conflict
Middle East Leaders Egypt
Anwar Sadat President of Egypt 1970-1981
Goal to get the Sinai Peninsula back
Goal make peace with Israel, breaks ties with
USSR
Assassinated by own countryman for trying to make
peace with Israel
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The Middle East Conflict
Middle East Leaders - Egypt
Hosni Mubarak Pres. of Egypt 1981-present
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The Middle East Conflict
Middle East Leaders Israel
Golda Meir Prime Minister 1969-1974
Yitzak Rabin Prime Minister 1974-1977
Menachem Begin Prime Minister 1977-1983
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The Middle East Conflict
Middle East Leaders Israel
Ariel Sharon Prime Minister,
2001-2006 goes into coma in January 2006
Ehud Olmert Prime Minister
since April 14, 2006
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The Middle East Conflict
Middle East Leaders P.L.O.
Palestinian Liberation Organization (established
1964)
Yasser Arafat Leader 1964-2004
Goal Regain the Palestinian State
Method TERRORISM
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The Middle East Conflict
Middle East Leaders P.L.O.
Palestinian Liberation Organization
Mahmoud Abbas Leader
2004-present
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The Middle East Conflict
What is O.P.E.C.?
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
It controls the production (amount) and price of
most of the oil produced in the world.
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The Middle East Conflict
O.P.E.C. Member Nations
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The Middle East Conflict

• Since the UN Partition Plan was put into place,
  there have been several major wars and many more
  intermittent battles.
  
• 1st Arab- Israeli War
• When 1948-1949
• Who Israel vs. Palestinians, Jordan, Egypt,
  Saudi Arabia
  
• Causes UN Partition Plan creates State of
  Israel
  
• Results
• 1) Israel doubles in size
• 2) Palestine disappears
• 3) Divided Jerusalem Israel/Jordan
• 4) Palestinian refugees (fled to Gaza West Bank)

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The Middle East Conflict

• 2nd Arab- Israeli War
• Suez Sinai War
• When 1956
• Who Israel , Britain, France vs. Egypt
• Causes Nasser takes control of the Suez Canal -
  had been under control of Britain/France
  
• Results
• 1) Egypt gets Suez Canal
• 2) UN troops move into Sinai (along Egypt/Israel
  border)
  
• 3) Straits of Tiran now open to Israeli shipping

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The Middle East Conflict

• 3rd Arab- Israeli War
• (6 Day War)
• When 1967 (June 5 starts)
• Who Israel vs. Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Syria
• Causes Egypt closes the Straits of Tiran
  Israel attacks Syria, Egypt, Jordan, and Iraq
  
• Results
• 1) Israel gets Occupied Territories (Gaza, Sinai,
  Golan Heights, West Bank)
  
• 2) PLO becomes stronger and more prevalent
• 3) Arabs bitter
• NO negotiations, NO recognition, NO peace

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The Middle East Conflict

• 4th Arab- Israeli War (October War)
• (Yom Kippur War highest of Jewish Holidays)
• When 1973 (lasts only 3 weeks)
• Who Israel vs. Egypt Syria
• Causes Egypt and Syria, supported by USSR,
  attack Israel to get land back
  
• Results
• 1) Ends in cease-fire
• 2) OPEC oil embargo against U.S.A.
• 3) UN troops to Sinai to watch border
• 4) Egypt showed they could fight and regained
  half of Sinai

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The Middle East Conflict

• Camp David Summit
• When September 1978 (finalized in April 1979)
• Who Israeli President Begin, Egyptian President
  Sadat, U.S. President Carter
  
• Where Camp David, Maryland (Presidential
  Retreat)
  
• Results
• 1) Israel agreed to withdraw its armed forces
  from the Sinai
  
• 2) Evacuate civilians and restore it to Egypt
• 3) normal diplomatic relations between Israel
  Egypt
  
• 4) Israel gained free passage through the Suez
  Canal and other nearby waterways ( Straits of
  Tiran)
  
• 5) Egypt gained free passage between Egypt and
  Jordan
  
• 6) Israel also lost the Abu-Rudeis oil fields in
  western Sinai their only long term commercially
  productive wells

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The Middle East Conflict

• Operation Peace for Galilee
• When June 1982
• Who Israel vs. PLO in Lebanon
• Causes PLO attacks on Israeli settlements along
  border
  
• Israel launches full-scale invasion of Lebanon to
  destroy PLO bases
  

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The Middle East Conflict

• Operation Peace for Galilee
• Results
• 1) Israel reaches Beirut (capital) within a week,
  by end of June has captured most of southern
  Lebanon and besieged PLO and Syrian forces
  
• 2) US intervenes to end siege in August
• Israel agrees to withdraw provided PLO and
  Syrian forces do also
  
• 3) Sept. 15 Lebanese Pres. Gemayel
  assassinated, Israel re-occupies Beirut and gives
  orders to cleanse Palestian Refugee Camps
  hundreds are killed

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The Middle East Conflict

• Oslo Accords
• When August - September 1993
• Who Israeli President Rabin, PLO Leader Arafat
• Where Oslo Norway
• Results
• Israel agrees to recognize PLO
• 2) PLO will renounce terrorism
• 3) Agree to a 5-year plan of Israeli withdrawal
  of Gaza and West Bank and self-governance by PLO
  in those areas
  
• 4) Creation of Palestinian National Authority
  (PNA)

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The Middle East Conflict
What is the current status?
Sinai part of Egypt since Camp David Summit
1978 Gaza Israel has withdrawn, but threatens to
intervene as Hamas continues to strike Israeli
settlements across the border Golan Heights stil
l needs to be resolved between Syria/Israel, but
Israel considers it to annexed
West Bank agreed to be shared with the PNA
governing all Palestinians Israel began
construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier in
2000
Hamas (Arabic ???? ???? acronym Arabic ????
???????? ?????????, or Harakat al-Muqawama
al-Islamiyya or "Islamic Resistance
Movement,"1) is a Palestinian Sunni Muslim
militant organization
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The Middle East Conflict
U.S. Involvement 1991 US puts together a coalit
ion of countries to protect Saudi Arabia from
attack by Iraq they had already invaded Kuwait
DESERT SHIELD The operation to liberate Kuwait
was called DESERT STORM
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The Middle East Conflict
U.S. Involvement 2001 Terrorists attack the Wor
ld Trade Towers and the Pentagon

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The Middle East Conflict

• U.S. Involvement
• 2001 Terrorists attack the World Trade Towers
  and the Pentagon
  
• 2003 US invades Iraq for the second time
• Mission capture Iraqi President Saddam Hussein
• Reasons
• Iraq supports terrorist activities
• US govt. believes Iraq has weapons of mass
  destruction (WMDs)
  

WMDs nuclear,
biological, and chemical
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The Middle East Conflict
Mideast Today- Iraq In 2003, the United States i
nvaded Iraq to prevent the continued production
of weapons of mass destruction. The U.S. claimed
that Iraq was supporting terrorism and that it
was important to attack before Hussein got
nuclear weapons. Ultimately, they wanted to
remove Saddam Hussein from office.
The U.S. involvement with Iraq spans many
decades. In 1990 Iraq invaded the neighboring
country of Kuwait. They claimed Kuwait was part
of their territory. They claimed that Kuwait was
cross drilling and stealing their oil.
Furthermore, they claimed that Kuwait was
exceeding OPEC quotas driving down prices,
hurting Iraqs economy. The U.S. engaged in a
military action called Operation Desert Shield to
protect Saudi Arabias oil. Operation Desert
Storm was a coalition of nations that aimed to
drive Iraq out of Kuwait under UN direction. The
coalition was very successful. Under a
cease-fire, Iraq had to destroy all weapons of
mass destruction and allow UN weapons inspectors
to investigate. They were not to build weapons
of mass destruction. They were limited with two
no fly zones to protect the Kurds in the North
and the Shiites in the South. Finally they were
faced with punishments that limited their oil
sales and limited their imports and exports to
necessities. Hussein kicked out the UN weapons i
nspectors in 1998, which prompted the U.S. to
take action. In 2003, the U.S. wanted to invade.
The U.S. had no major allies because nations
were afraid that an invasion would further
destabilize the Mideast. The U.S. has sent in
over 200,000 troops and experienced over 3000
casualties. The war in Iraq has cost the U.S.
between 30-50 billion. Now that the U.S. has
ousted Hussein from office, it is unclear who
will replace him and what should be done with the
imprisoned dictator.
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The Middle East Conflict
War on Terrorism The U.S. is currently engage
d in a so-called War on Terrorism. Terrorism is
the act of violence for a political goal. One of
the major terrorist groups in the Mideast is
Hamas, which is a radical break off group of the
PLO. They are involved in an intifada with the
goal of driving Israel out of Gaza and the West
Bank. As of 2003, the leader of the PLO was
Yassar Arafat and the leader of Israel was Ariel
Sharon. Neither of these men remains in office.
On September 11, 2001 terrorists attacked the
Pentagon in New York City, the World Trade Center
in Washington D.C. and aimed for other targets.
Investigation found that Al Quida, led by Osama
bin Laden was responsible for the attacks. Bin
Laden, is a Saudi whose whereabouts are currently
unknown. Al Quida is also responsible for the
first attack on the WTC in 1993 and the 1998
bombing of U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania,
and the 2000 bombing of the USS Cole in Yemen.
Since 2001, Al Quida has carried out many other
attacks throughout the world. In 1995, these ter
rorists called for a jihad or holy war against
the U.S. They are against the U.S. because of our
support of Israel and our continued presence in
the Mideast. Furthermore, they are against the
American capitalist system that has yielded our
country great wealth. Since 2001, the U.S. has
been engaged in a war on terrorism. In response,
there has been tighter airport security and the
government has tied to better organize itself to
protect against terrorism. After the attacks,
the President created a new Cabinet position for
Homeland Security.