Title: Why is there Turmoil in the Modern Middle East?
1Why is there Turmoil in the Modern Middle East?
2Jerusalem
- Jews Abraham was prepared to sacrifice
Isaac/Temples. - Christians Jesus was crucified.
- Muslims Muhammad ascended into heaven Dome of
the Rock.
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5Christians v. Muslims
- The Crusades
- Pope Urban II launched the First Crusade in
1095 to take back Jerusalem from the Muslims
(Turks) - Jerusalem was captured in 1099 and all the
Muslims and Jews were slaughtered. - YouTube - Crusades 1
6The Crusades
- Saladin recovers Jerusalem for the Muslims in
1187. He spares the lives of all the Christians
truce is declared - Muslims allow Christian Pilgrims to travel to the
Holy Land. - Other Crusades were organized, but were never as
large as the First Crusade. - Turks become Protectors of the Faith in Islam.
- YouTube - Crusades 2
7Jewish Discrimination
- Removed from Jerusalem 2000 years ago by the
Romans. - Faced with discrimination
- Prohibited from certain jobs
- Tortured and killed for their beliefs
8Examples of Historical Discrimination
- Black Plague
- Expulsion from France and England
- Exodus from Spain in 1492
- Christ Killers Pontius Pilate frees Barabus
not Jesus - Jewish people are faced with discrimination
everywhere they go
9Discrimination in the years leading up to World
War I (1914)
- Russian Pogroms (Devastation)
- Organized campaign to instill fear and cause harm
to Jewish people. - French Dreyfus Affair
- Jewish general falsely accused of sending secret
documents to German embassy in Paris. - Will be straightened out eventually, however,
this event was used as propaganda against the
Jewish people.
10Theodor Herzl
- Founder of Zionism
- Nationalism- every ethnic group deserves a home
- Will increase in popularity as anti-sentiment
increases in time.
11Zionism
- The Jewish peoples desire to obtain a homeland.
- Balfour Declaration A letter from British
government (James Balfour) to Walter Rothschild.
12Foreign Office,November 2nd, 1917.Dear Lord
Rothschild, I have much pleasure in conveying to
you, on behalf of His Majesty's Government, the
following declaration of sympathy with Jewish
Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to,
and approved by, the Cabinet"His Majesty's
Government view with favour the establishment in
Palestine of a national home for the Jewish
people, and will use their best endeavours to
facilitate the achievement of this object, it
being clearly understood that nothing shall be
done which may prejudice the civil and religious
rights of existing non-Jewish communities in
Palestine, or the rights and political status
enjoyed by Jews in any other country".I should
be grateful if you would bring this declaration
to the knowledge of the Zionist
Federation.Yours sincerelyArthur James Balfour
13Nazi Holocaust
- Hitleruses the Jewish people as a scapegoat for
all the problems of the once great, fallen
empire.
14Concentration Camps
- Three types of camps
- Concentration
- Labor
- Death
15Jewish People Killed under Nazi Rule
Original Population Killed under Nazis Surviving
Poland 3,300,000 2,800,000 15
Soviet Union 2,100,000 1,500,000 29
Hungary 404,000 200,000 49
Romania 850,000 425,000 50
Germany/ Austria 270,000 210,000 22
16Current Events
17Benjamin Netanyahu
vs.
Tzipi Livni
18Netanyahu
- Likud party- consolidation (unification)
- Campaign national security
- Likud party will never agree to the return of
the pre-war 1967 borders - Will not negotiate with terrorists
- Accusation against Livni of giving up Jerusalem
19Livni
- Kadima party forward
- Willing to possibly make concessions to
Palestinians. - Used to work for Mossad
- 1980s- Ran missions to kill Palestinian
Terrorists. - Terrorist Killer in the past possibly more
willing to make concessions than the Lukid.
20Quote on Livni
- Tzipi was not an office girl She was a clever
women with an IQ of 150. She blended in well in
European capitals, working with male agents, most
of them ex-commandos, taking out Arab
terrorists.
21Questions?
- Why are these elections being held?
- Ehud Olmert resigns accused of corruption
- Under the presidency of Barack Obama, what would
you infer is the current United States stand on
the issue? - Negotiate for peace with both political parties.
- The Kadima party is slightly more promising than
the others - Why do you think it is difficult for Middle
Eastern leaders to make peace? - Extremist groups dont want peace on BOTH sides
- Yitzhak Rabin assassinated in 1995 by one of his
own for negotiating with PLOs Yasser Arafat.
22Cold War
- Why is the United States hesitant to directly
support Israel against the Arab nations? - USA with Israel --- Soviet Union with Arabs
- Hypothetical situation
- Add into the mix Nuclear Bomb
- Cold War was a very intimidating time for the US,
USSR, and the entire world.
23Partitioning of Palestine
- After World War II ends in 1948, the British and
United nations decide to divide Palestine into
two regions - UN General Assembly Resolution 181
- Provinces
- Jerusalem- an international city, where
- all could travel to freely
- Sound familiar?
- West Bank- Arab Territory
- Gaza Strip- Arab Territory
- Golan Heights- Arab Territory
24Israeli Conflicts
- War of 1948- Israel Created one day later
attacked by six nations - Egypt
- Jordan
- Lebanon
- Saudi Arabia
- Syria
- Iraq
25Israel defeats Six Nations
- HOW???
- Arab nations have trouble coordinating with one
another. Dont listen to one another - Israel supported financially (if not militarily)
by many nations/ Golda Meir - Infrastructure of Israel already exists
- Backed into a corner fighting for survival
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27Israeli Conflicts
- 1956- Suez Crisis
- "Hospitality is one thing, surrendering the
canal is another - Gamal Abdel Nasser
- Originally controlled by British
- Taken over by Egypt
- In response, British will ask Israel to reclaim
the canal. - Israel easily invades and will seize control
28- Golan Heights- Syria
- Strategic for military purpose
- Control of water ways
- (Jordan River)
29War of 1948
30Nasser continued
- We are eager for battle in order to force the
enemy to awake from his dreams and meet Arab
reality face to face. -- 1967
31Six Day War (1967)
- Fear of an imminent attack from bordering Arab
nations force Israel to attack first. - Extremely successful
- In a little less than six days, Israel defeats
Arab Nations only losing 800 troops in
opposition too the Arabs 15,000 (approximately
116 ratio)
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33IDF soldiers Zion Karasanti, Yitzhak Yifat and
Haim Oshrí, at Jerusalem's Western Wall shortly
after its capture on June 7, 1967 and 40 years
later.
34How and why would the Arab World attempt to
strike at the US for its support of Israel?
- Terrorism Islamic Fundamentalism
- Economics OPEC Oil Embargo
35Recap of the Arab-Israeli Wars
- Who seems to have the upper hand in the conflict?
- What are the main issues that the Israelis and
Arabs are fighting over? - Is there a simple solution to the problem at hand?
36Islamic Fundamentalism
- 1967 - Six Day War had shown many Muslims that
God had turned away from them Decisive victory
for the Jews It was a humiliating defeat for
Muslims. - Islamic Fundamentalism the only way back to God
was to return to pure religion. - Islam at its founding the time of Mohammed
- Strict interpretation of the Koran Sharia Law
- Jihad wage war against those that insult Islam.
- Near Enemy impure Muslim society secular
- Distant Enemy the West secular pro Israel
37Sayyid Qutb
- Arrested under Nasser administration. Why?
- Very intelligent
- Studied in Greeley, Colorado _at_ Colorado State
Teachers College
38Qutb continued
- Developed hatred towards American way of life
- In charge of newspaper that went against Nassers
western peace policies. - Will be hanged under Nasser administration
- Ran a newspaper
- Accused of trying to plan a revolt against Nasser
39Left- Anwar Sadat B. Left- Younger Golda
Meir Down- Golda Meir
40Surprise Attack in 1973
- On Yom Kippur, Anwar Sadat (Nassers successor)
sends army out to catch Israelis off guard. - Success at first, but land will be reclaimed by
Israel, under prime minister Golda Meir. - Truce is agreed too for the time being.
- Known as the Yom Kippur War.
41Cold War
- Why is the United States hesitant to directly
support Israel against the Arab nations? - USA with Israel --- Soviet Union with Arabs
- Hypothetical situation
- Add into the mix Nuclear Bomb
- Cold War was a very intimidating time for the US,
USSR, and the entire world.
42OPEC
- Formed in Baghdad 1960
- Stationed in Vienna, Austria
- Goal To regulate oil prices
- Original members
- Iran
- Iraq
- Kuwait
- Saudi Arabia
- Venezuela
43US Interferes in Yom Kippur War
- Help to re-supply the Israelis after the Arabs
surprise attack them via airlift. - Tensions increasing between US and Arab nations.
- US has supported Israel since 1948
44Oil Embargo of 1973-74
- American demand for resources
- American cheap prices
- What would be the best way to get back at the
United States for being sympathetic for Israel?
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46Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OAPEC)
- Punishment to America for helping Israel during
Yom Kippur conflict - Stop shipping oil to the US
- You should pay more for oil. Lets say ten
times more. 1973 Shah of Iran - increasing prices by 70 to America's Western
European allies. - Overnight, the price of a barrel of oil to these
nations rose from 3 to 5.11. In January 1974,
they raised it further to 11.65.
47What does the United States do?
- 1 Million to 400 Million
- Alternative energy resources
- Solar Power
- Wind Power
- Arctic Drilling?
48Case Study General Motors (GM)
- 1970s- Number 1 Car Maker in the World
- Had begun research on alternative fuels
- Electric cars using Fuel Cells
- How does this work?
- Similar to a battery except runs on a never
ending cycle.
49If GM began this research, and were the leading
researcher, then why are we not driving them
today?
- Profit General Motors could make more money
selling gas guzzling SUVs - Who leads in Fuel Cell research today?
- Is it too late for General Motors to make the
shift over?
50Prudhoe bay- Population in 2000 5
- 1977- 20 of US oil consumption comes from
Alaska. - Risks involved?
- Is this the right solution? What are some other
alternatives?
51Review
- 1.) What event caused the Arab world to direct
there attention towards the United States? - Yom Kippur War
- 2.) What are the two ways they try to strike
back at America? - OPEC (economics)
- Terrorism (guerilla)
52Outline
- Two attempts for peace
- Camp David Accords
- Oslo Agreements
- The Two State Solution- is it a good idea?
53Camp David Peace Accords
- US President Jimmy Carter hosts a negotiation
conference between Egypt and Israel. - After 13 days, Egypt recognized Israel as a
nation. - Israel returned Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.
- 30 years of hostilities end?
- Anwar Sadat receives Nobel Peace Prize
541977 Times Magazine Man of the Year
- "We used to reject you, true. We refused to meet
you anywhere, true. We referred to you as the
'so-called Israel,' true. At international
conferences our representatives refused to
exchange greetings with you, true. At the 1973
Geneva Peace Conference our delegates did not
exchange a single direct word with you, true. Yet
today we agree to live with you in permanent
peace and justice. Israel has become an
accomplished fact recognized by the whole world
and the superpowers. We welcome you to live among
us in peace and security." --Anwar Sadat
55Reaction to Camp David Accords
- Sadat will be assassinated by Muslim Extremists
- Acts of terrorism increase in Israel as a result
- Intifada- uprising of the Palestinians
56Oslo Peace Accords
- Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin agrees to
grant Palestinians self-rule in Gaza Strip and
West Bank (Two State Solution) - Will result in the assassination of Rabin by an
Israeli extremist - Second Intifada- Suicide Bombers
- Rabin is assassinated by Jewish extremists
57Failure to find peace
- The more attempts that are made for peace, the
angrier Islamic fundamentalists get. - Around 2000, the Second Intifada begins
- Suicide Bombings
- Qassem Rockets
58Two State Solution?
- http//www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/01/23/60minute
s/main4749723.shtml
59Peace Negotiations Ultimately Fail
Other problems in the ME
60Iran
- Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi- Westernized
- Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini- Fundamentalist
61Iranian Revolution (1979)
- 1953- Overthrow the Democratically elected
government of Mohammad Mosaddeq - USA restores Shah to power
- Shah Pahlavi embraces Western governments oil
companies - Cultural Clash Modern West vs. Traditional Islam
- Ayatollah Khomeini Iranian conservative Muslim
leader - lives in exile for speaking against
Pahlavi. - 1978 - Khomeini sparks riots in Iran Shah flees
- Theocratic government established Sharia Law
- Anti-Western Anti-American
- 1979 Shah seeks treatment in the United
States Iran demands his return - Muslim radicals take control in Iran - increasing
tensions with Iraq (secular)
62Perspectives
- United States
- Occurs before Yom Kippur War and Oil Embargo
- Need Oil to keep up living standards for typical
Americans - Consider Iranian actions to be communist
- WWI/WWII success riding the wave
- Iran
- US has no right to interfere in Iranian politics
- American government is greedy
- Actions are not acceptable, revenge is necessary.
- US The Great Satan
- Want the Shah to undergo trial
- How do they do this?
63American Hostage Crisis
- Khomeini takes control of Iran
- Encourages extremists to seize US Embassy in
Tehran - 66 American hostages
- 444 days
- Demand that the US make Shah Pahlavi face trial
- Will release everyone by 1981
64What was life like for these 444 days?
- But the student radicals knew little of the
world and its ways, let alone the difference
between a diplomat and a spy. They saw an
operative with James Bond-like powers in every
corner. One interrogator questioned State
Department security officer Alan Golacinski about
his digital watch, convinced that it was a secret
radio. - Some hostages were badly beaten. Others faced
terrifying mock executions. A few were thrown in
solitary confinement. Bowden skillfully gets
inside the minds of the hostages, vividly
describing their churning emotions and harrowing
experiences. - -- Guests of the Ayatollah
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67Iran vs. Iraq Who does the US favor?
- Iran
- Had just undergone a revolution
- Khomeini does not like the United States
- Iraq Saddam Hussein
- 5th President of Iraq Dictatorship
- Ran a secular government
- Followed Nasser as a model
- Thought of himself as one who would bring
modernization to Iraq
68Conflict with Iran
- 1980- Iraq invades Iran
- Border Disputes
- WWI?
- Trenches, Poison Gas, over 1,000,000 die
- Nothing is settled, UN negotiated ceasefire in
1988
69Interference From who else?
- US will tend to take Iraqs side in the war.
- Interesting side note
- 1983 Ronald Reagan/Donald Rumsfeld
- January 2001-December 18, 2006.
- US Secretary of Defense
701990- Iraq invades Kuwait
- Out of fear of a Saudi invasion, they invade
first and take control of oil fields in Kuwait - UN economic sanctions fail
- By early 1991, 39 nations declared war on Saddam
Hussein and Iraq - Who are most of these nations?
- Iraq leaves Kuwait and agrees to a cease fire
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72Persian Gulf War akaOperation Desert Storm
- Scorched Earth Policy
- Burning of Oil
- Effects? Then? Now?
- Effects of Kuwait War 305-630
73United States on Arabian Penninsula
- Following the Gulf War, the US Coalition remains.
- Infuriates fundamentalists
- Believe that they would contaminate the holy
sights - Infidel army angers those such as Osama Bin Laden
74How about Afghanistan?
- 1950s? Soviet influence increasing
- 1979? Soviets invade
- 1980s?Mujahedeenholy warriors stage a revolt
- Looming Tower
75War in Afghanistan (1979-89)
- 1979 - Soviets invade Afghanistan
- Muslims come to defend Afghanistan Holy War-
Soviet Infidels - Muslim Rebels (Mujahedeen) fight guerilla war
against Soviets with U.S. weapons - 1989 - Soviets withdraw Holy Warriors defeat a
Superpower Taliban rises Base for Al Qaeda
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77The Looming Tower Hijira
- 1.) The title of the chapter is Hijira. Who is
Osama Bin Laden comparing himself to? How does
he try to make that connection? - Comparing himself to Muhammad, the prophet of
Islam - Osama Saudi Arabia to Afghanistan
- Muhammad Mecca to Medina
- Angry Muslim child. Why? A
- Danish publication of Muhammad
78- 2.) What was Afghanistan like when Bin Laden
arrived? - Suffering from 20 years of war
- Highwaymen Depiction of chaos
- Insufficient funds would take a child
- Government had been turning towards modernity
79- 4.) Who are the Taliban? Who made the Taliban
into a formidable army? - Were unorganized, but powerful
- Were able to take over from President Rabbani
- Supported by Pakistani intelligence
- 5.) Define Wahhabism. Where is it popular?
- Ideology A return to fundamental practices of
first three generations of Islamic history. - Saudi Arabia
80- 6.) What other country supported the Taliban and
what was the connection? - Pakistan
- Had set up schools that had helped many Taliban
students
81Mullah Omar
- Well known for having been a fierce fighter in
war against the Soviet Union. - What do we know about him?
- Not much
- Refused to be photographed
- Tall about 66
- Wounded while battling Soviets from shrapnel
827.) Who was Mullah Mohammed Omar? What was his
vision? How did he succeed in achieving his goal?
- Ruled Taliban in Afghanistan declared himself
The Ruler of All Muslims. - Vision To put an end to chaos brought about by
the War with USSR - Supported by many people
- Ancient robe/parades around with hands in the
sleeves/cholera epidemic/rapture - People want one ruler and stability
- Corruption and moral disintegration had gripped
the land.
83Quick Question
- Mullah Omar and the Taliban would be considered
Islamic Fundamentalists who takes his beliefs to
the extreme. Is there a such thing as a
Christian Fundamentalist? - Evangel Pentecostal Christians
- North Dakota Summer Camp
- Documentary called Jesus Camp
- Jesus Camp
- Sharia in America?
848.) What do the madrassas teach the refugee boys
that attend them? Why do they live in the
shadows of their fathers?
- The fundamentals of Wahhabism
- Portrayed as sissies and beggers
- Studied the Koran/Sharia
- Glorification of the Jihad
- War against infidels
- Success of fathers
- Had taken down a superpower
- Mujahideen eager to get their own glory
85Taliban fueled by 3 streams
- 1.) Money and arms from Saudi Arabia and Pakistan
- 2.) Afghan refugee students from Pakistan
- Exclusively male world
- Studied Koran/Perfection of a Muslim World
- 3.) Opium- Under Taliban, Afghanistan became the
number one Opium exporter in the world
869.) Why was Opium significant to the Taliban?
- Served as the main source of income for Taliban.
- Number 1 poppy exporter in the world
- Worked alongside drug dealers and smugglers
87- 10.) What is the Islamists dream, and how does
Omar tap into this? - To find stability and unification under one
ruler. - Omar tried to be this man
- Wearing of the cloak
- 11.) What happened to women under the Taliban?
What effect did this have overall? - Stay in residences
- Loss of self-expression
- Health Care/Civil Service destroyed
- 40 doctors
- 50 govt workers
- 70 teachers
8812.) What were some of the things banned by the
Taliban?
- Kite flying
- Dog racing
- Trained pigeons
- Unclean Things
- Pork, pig, pig oil, anything made of human hair
- Cinema, Satellite dishes
- Cameras
- Pool Tables
- Chess
- Masks
- Alcohol
- Tapes
- Computers
- VCR
- Television
- Sexual propaganda
Why?
- Wine
- Lobster
- Nail Polish
- Firecrackers
- Statues
- Sewing catalogues
- Pictures
- Christmas cards
89Plato Allegory of the Cave
- People accept the reality of which they are given.
9013.) Throw reason to the dogs, it stinks of
corruption. - Taliban
- This sign was posted on the office of the
religious police. - People embrace it desperate and exhausted from
twenty years of war. - How is this similar to the enlightenment?
- Enlightenment served as a means of exposing
corruption the Taliban, by American standards,
an anti-enlightenment
- 14.) Why do most Afghanis embrace the Taliban
rule at first? - Desperate
- Didnt think that things could get any worse
9115.) What is symbolic of the cave in Islam? How
does bin laden use it?
- Seen as an escape from Western world
- Stalactites- drips that hang from caves, often
used in Islamic art. - Muhammad in cave in Medina had encounter with
Gabrielle. - Enemies pursue, protected by magic spider web
- Tora Bora Modern cave with enhanced defense
(computers and ammunition).
9216.) How does bin Laden see himself as
personifying the Umma?
- Umma- Muslim Community
- Attack on one is an attack on all
- Bin laden, seeing himself as the prophet, sees
himself as the ideal leader of the Umma - Wants to start a war of terror against the United
States
- 17.) When bin Laden declares war on the US, what
grievances does he mention? - 1.) Declaration of War Against the Americans
Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Places. - Medina and Mecca after first Gulf War
- 2.) US interest in middle-eastern oil.
9318.) Who is Khaled Sheikh Mohammed? Who is his
nephew? Why do you think Mohammed sought out Bin
Laden?
- Man who visits Osama bin Laden at Tora Bora cave.
- Nephew Ramzi Yousef
- Mohammed wanted to discuss plans with bin Laden
about how they could try to terrorize the United
States.
9419.) What are some schemes Mohammed and bin Laden
discuss?
- Plan to bomb 12 American jumbo jets (called
Operation Bojinka) - Actually happened, was a success
- An assassination of Bill Clinton in 1994
- Had route sketched out while visiting Manila in
1994 - An assassination of Pope John Paul II
- Planned to get priest cassocks.
- These plans were encrypted on Yousefs hard
drive, which was captured - Flying airplanes into buildings
- Bin laden claims not to know Mohammed personally
951993 World Trade Center Bombing
- Planned by a group including Ramzi Yousef Khaled
Sheik Mohammeds uncle. - Plan
- Car bomb in parking deck supposed to knock North
tower into South tower, bringing them down. - Kills 6, injure about a thousand, but ultimate
goal is a failure.
- Intentions
- Before the attack, Yousef sent a demand to NY
newspapers to - A.) US stops sending aid to Israel
- B.) Stop having diplomatic relations with Israel
- C.) US stops interference with all Middle Eastern
countries
96- How did many of the things discussed in this
chapter come together in a perfect storm,
culminating with the September 11th attacks?
97September 11, 2001
- Rationale Injustices against Muslim people by
Israel and the United States. - if killing those who kill our sons is
terrorism, then let history be witness that we
are terrorists.Osama Bin Laden
98US Invades Afghanistan (2001)
- Operation Enduring Freedom
- Capture Bin Laden
- Destroy Al-Qaeda
- Remove Taliban regime who allowed a safe-haven
for Al-Qaeda - International Security Assistance Force
- Created by the United Nations
- Coalition of over 30 nations
99US invades Iraq (2003)
- Reasons for Invading
- Weapons of mass destruction
- Supporting Al-Qaeda
- Abuse of Human Rights and financial assistance to
Palestinian suicide bombers. - Saddam Hussein Executed at Camp Justice in
Baghdad - Sunni vs. Shiite?
100What is the best way to find peace?
- Land for Peace US Perspective
- Israel Give back land to Palestinians that they
acquired in Six Day War. - Israel Leave Arab areas and allow them
self-rule - Palestinians Peace and recognition of Israel
101Extra Credit Opportunity (2)
- 3-5 minute presentation on
- Terrorist attacks of
- 1998 US Embassies in Africa (Tanzania and Kenya)
- 2000 USS Cole
- 5 Ws Who, What, When, Where, Why
- Significance
- Relation to any current events?