National vs. Universal Church

1
National vs. Universal Church

• Catholic monarchs viewed the pope as a rival to
  authority
• Louis XIV Gallicanism
• A movement originating among the French Catholic
  clergy based on national rulers having authority
  for Church governance
• Attempt to wrestle control away from Rome
• Similar actions in Austria and Germany
• Led to a weakened papacy six popes from 1585-1605

2
Impact of the French Revolution

• Reign of Terror
• Period during the Revolution when nobility and
  clergy were executed by revolutionary leaders
• Monasteries overtaken
• French armies invaded Italy capturing the pope
  and disbanding the college of cardinals
• Results
• Local election of bishops and priests
• Separation from Rome and the rest of the Church

3
Napoleonic Concordat

• Concordat
• An agreement between the pope and a head of state
  identifying the role that each would play in
  Church governance
• Concordat with Pius VII
• Napoleon to appoint bishops Pius VII to approve
  bishops
• Validated the pope as the spiritual head of the
  Church
• Ultramontanism
• beyond the mountains
• Pope having spiritual authority in all lands
• Impact / Results
• Future popes established concordats with national
  rulers
• Less political power for popes
• Unquestioned spiritual authority

4
Post Napoleonic Europe

• Congress of Vienna
• 1814-15 redrawing the map of Europe
• Prince Metternich of Austria
• Main architect attempting to prevent a super
  nation from controlling the continent
• Opposed democracy
• Reestablishment of the Papal States
• Election of Pius IX in 1846