From Colony to Nation

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From Colony to Nation
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The Greek Origins of Democracy

• Athenian democracy (sometimes called Direct
  democracy) developed in the Greek city-state of
  Athens, comprising the central city-state of
  Athens and the surrounding territory of Attica,
  around 500 BC. Athens was one of the very first
  known democracies and probably the most important
  in ancient times. Other Greek cities set up
  democracies, most but not all following an
  Athenian model, but none were as powerful or as
  stable (or as well-documented) as that of Athens.
  It remains a unique and intriguing experiment in
  direct democracy where the people do not elect
  representatives to vote on their behalf but vote
  on legislation and executive bills in their own
  right. Participation was by no means open to all
  inhabitants of Attica, but the in-group of
  participants was constituted with no reference to
  economic class and they participated on a scale
  that was truly phenomenal. Never before had so
  many people spent so much of their time in
  governing themselves.
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian_democracy

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Map of Ancient Greece
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Athens in the Time of Socrates and Pericles
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Map of Acropolis in Time of Pericles
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Development of polis, city state

• The single greatest political innovation of the
  ancient Greeks was the establishment of the
  polis, or "city-state. In the Mycenean age, the
  Greeks lived in small, war-oriented kingdoms

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Acropolis
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• The Parthenon and other main buildings on the
  Acropolis were built by Pericles in the fifth
  century BC as a monument to the cultural and
  political achievements of the inhabitants of
  Athens. The term acropolis means upper city and
  many of the city states of ancient Greece are
  built around an acropolis where the inhabitants
  can go as a place of refuge in times of invasion.
  It's for this reason that the most sacred
  buildings are usually on the acropolis. It's the
  safest most secure place in town. As little as
  150 years ago there were still dwellings on the
  Acropolis of Athens. http//www.athensguide.com/ac
  ropolis.html

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After climbing the steps you are at the entrance,
or the Propylaea, which was completed in 432 just
before the outbreak of the Peloponnesian wars.
The main architect was Mnesicles, a colleague of
Phidias. To your left is the Pinacotheca and a
Hellenistic pedestal and on the right the tiny
temple to Nike Athena or the Athena of Victory
which commemorates the Athenians victory over the
Persians. This small temple stands on a platform
that overlooks the islands of Saronic Gulf.
http//www.athensguide.com/acropolis.html
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Entrance to Acropolis
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Parthenon
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Details of Parthenon
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The Erecthion sits on the most sacred site of the
Acropolis where Poseidon and Athena had their
contest over who would be the Patron of the city.
The building itself contains the porch of the
maidens or Caryatids which are now copies, four
of which have been placed in the Acropolis
museum, hopefully to be reunited with a fifth
taken from the Acropolis by Lord Elgin and put in
the British Museum more than a century ago.
http//www.athensguide.com/acropolis.html
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Athens streets seen from Acropolis
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Acropolis seen from Streets of Athens
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Temple of Nike Athena
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Three kinds of democracy

• Direct
• Direct democracy, classically termed pure
  democracy,1 comprises a form of democracy and
  theory of civics wherein sovereignty is lodged in
  the assembly of all citizens who choose to
  participate. Depending on the particular system,
  this assembly might pass executive motions
  (decrees), make law, elect and dismiss officials
  and conduct trials. Where the assembly elected
  officials, these were executive agents or direct
  representatives (bound to the will of the
  people).
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_democr
  acy

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Representative

• Representative democracy is a form of government
  founded on the principles of popular sovereignty
  by the people's representatives. The
  representatives form an independent ruling body
  (for an election period) charged with the
  responsibility of acting in the people's
  interest, but not as their proxy
  representativesi.e., not necessarily always
  according to their wishes, but with enough
  authority to exercise swift and resolute
  initiative in the face of changing circumstances.
  It is often contrasted with direct democracy,
  where representatives are absent or are limited
  in power as proxy representatives.
• In many representative democracies (eg, Canada,
  the USA, Britain, etc), representatives are most
  commonly chosen in elections by a plurality of
  those who are both eligible to cast votes and
  actually do so. A plurality means that a winning
  candidate has to win more votes than any other
  candidate in the race, but does not necessarily
  require a majority of the votes cast.
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_democr
  acy

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Representative direct democracy

• Representative direct democracy is a combination
  of direct democracy and representative democracy.
  In representative direct democracy there are
  representatives that vote on behalf of the
  citizen, as long as they do not choose to vote
  themselves. In other words, it works just the
  same as a representative democracy, as long as
  citizen do not explicitly override their
  politicians.
• The main purpose of representative direct
  democracy is to avoid some of the criticisms
  against pure direct democracy, in particular that
  citizen would lack the time to participate in a
  pure direct democracy. In a representative direct
  democracy, citizen are given the possibility of
  direct participation, while maintaining the
  benefit of elected representatives that ensure
  sufficient amounts of indirect participation.

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The Polis

• Facts

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Oligarchy

• Oligarchy (Greek ????a???a, Oligarkhía) is a form
  of government where political power effectively
  rests with an elite segment of society (whether
  distinguished by wealth, family or military
  powers). The word oligarchy is from the Greek
  words for "few" (?????? óligon) and "rule" (????
  arkho).

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• A Model of Escalating Conflict as Each Group
• Reacts to the Actions of the Other Group
• Action of one group Reaction of the
  Counter-reaction
• in an antagonistic other group in
  of the first group
• relationship for an antagonistic
  e.g., British
• example, British relationship e.g.,
  soldiers shoot
• require Colonists Colonists taunt
  Colonists (Boston
• to house British British
  soldiers Massacre).
  soldiers (The merchants boycott
• Quartering Act). British
  goods.
• Increasing Violence

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