Classical Mediterranean

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Classical Mediterranean

• Ideas, Institutions, Values 800 B. C. E. - 476

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Classical Mediterranean

• Source of Western Civilization
• Loose Concept
• Classical Heritage (Ancient Greece and Rome)
  Barbarian (Germanic) Invasions Christianity.
• Best defines Western Europe and the United States
  Today.
• Because of recent success of Western
  Civilization, it is a term that stirs controversy

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Classical Heritage

• Ancient Greece
• Ending of Dark Ages/Age of Homer
• Emergence of Polis
• Governmental Forms aristocracy, monarchy,
  oligarchy, tyranny, democracy
• Emergence of Athens and Sparta

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Athens

• 700 B. C. E.Athens established
• King and Council of Nobles (Areopagus).
• 621 B. C. E.Draco established first
  Constitutionprotected property on pain of death.
• 594Solon elected Archon and introduced Democracy
  and expanded rights of common peopleNobility
  rescinded these when Solon died.

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Athens 2

• Commoners chafe under Aristocracy and support
  Peisitratus, who is a Tyrant, claiming to serve
  common people. (560-527 B. C. E.)
• Nobles oust Peisitratuss sons
• Cleisthenes introduces a more democratic
  Constitution in 508 B. C. E.
• Demes elect council of 500Demes done
  geographically, which displaces power of some
  nobles.
• Concept of Ostracism introduced.

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Sparta

• Slaveholding society dominated by warrior
  aristocracy.
• Government is a military oligarchy
• All facets of human life regulated by state
• Spartans make up only 10 of population of
  polisthey, and no others, have political rights.

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Events drive Greek Civilization

• Persian Wars (490-479) Hellenes fight better
  than slaves
• Golden Age of Athens under Pericles (460-430 B.
  C. E.)
• Peloponnesian War (431-404 B. C. E.)The Suicide
  of Greece
• Philip of Macedon conquers Greece (339 B. C. E.)
• Hellenic Age (750-323 B. C. E.) Hellenistic Age
  (323-31 B. C. E.)
• Greek Cities conquered by Roman Empire.

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Features of Greek Civilization

• Concept of Arete
• Individualism
• Architecture (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian)
• Rational Thoughtphenomena have natural causes
• Philosophy (natura rei)

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Greek Philosophy

• Socrates (470-399 B. C. E.)eternal truth is
  knowable Socratic method.
• Plato (427-347 B. C. E.)Theory of Ideas the
  Republic Platos cave.
• Aristotle (384-322 B. C. E.)Philosophical
  Realism syllogism

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Raphaels School of Athens
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Platos Cave
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Rome (753 B. C. E.-476 A. D.)

• Romans dominated by Etruscans until 509 B. C. E.
  Source of Romes hatred of monarchy.
• Roman Republic (509 B. C. E.-27 B. C. E.)
• Republic dominated by struggles between
  Patricians and Plebians and by expansion.
• Plebians were needed to serve in armysource of
  political power.
• Law of the 12 Tables (449 B. C. E.) Dura lex,
  sed lex.
• Tribunes of the PeopleVETO
• Hortensian Law287 B. C. E.

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End of Roman Republic

• Punic Wars weaken Plebian position.
• Murder of Tiberious and Gaius Gracchus undermines
  Roman Constitution.
• Civil Wars (100 B. C. E.-27 B. C. E.) optimates
  struggle with champions of the people.
• Caesar Augustus wins Civil Wars and effectively
  ends Republic (27 B. C. E.-14 A. D.)

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Roman Expansion and Decline

• Senate reduced to town council
• Command of Army imperator is essential.
• Empire Continues to Expand until Emperor Hadrian
  (117-138)
• Civil Wars follow murder of Commodus in 192
• Political Order not established until Diocletian
  (285-305)
• Constantine (305-337) centers empire in east
• Battle of Adrianople (378)
• Barbarians sack Rome in 410
• Odovacar exiles Romulus Agustulus in 476.

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Importance of Rome to Western Civ.

• InstitutionsSenate
• Lawjuris prudenceconcept of precedence and
  equity
• StabilityPax Romana (27 B. C.-180 A. D.) Civis
  Sum Romanum
• Latin language
• Ciceronian Address
• Emergence of Christianity

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Christianity

• Messianic Judaism
• Struggles with Macedonians and Romans
• Jesus of Nazareth
• Role of Paul
• Persecution
• Edit of Toleration, Edict of Milan
• 395Xianity is official religion of Empire
• Emergence of Papacy

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Matt. 3 7-10 Luke 3 7-9