Classical Mediterranean

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Classical Mediterranean

• Mr. Stikes

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• SSWH3 The student will examine the political,
  philosophical, and cultural interaction of
  Classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to
  400 CE.
• a. Compare the origins and structure of the Greek
  polis, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire.
• b. Identify the ideas and impact of important
  individuals include Socrates, Plato, and
  Aristotle and describe the diffusion of Greek
  culture by Aristotles pupil Alexander the Great
  and the impact of Julius and Augustus Caesar.
• c. Analyze the contributions of Hellenistic and
  Roman culture include law, gender, and science.
• d. Describe polytheism in the Greek and Roman
  world and the origins and diffusion of
  Christianity in the Roman world.
• e. Analyze the factors that led to the collapse
  of the Western Roman Empire.

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WHO?
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WHO?

• Minoans
• Mycenaeans
• Greeks
• Spartans
• Athenians
• Etruscans
• Romans
• Carthaginians

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WHEN?
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When?

• 700 B.C. A.D. 400

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WHERE?
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Greece and Rome
Greece
Rome
China
Mesopotamia
Egypt
India
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Greece Rome

• PURPOSE OF SECTION
• Compare the origins and structure of the Greek
  polis, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire.

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Early Greece

• Greek civilization developed along the Balkan
  peninsula

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Greeces Physical Geography

• Low-lying mountains make up ¾ of the mainland
• Mountains protect isolate
• Long coastline with many harbors
• No part of Greece is more than 50 miles from the
  coast
• Mild Climate

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Greeces Physical Geography
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Greeces Physical Geography
Regions Macedonia Thessaly Ionia Peninsulas Att
ica Peloponnesus Seas Aegean Ionian Islands Cr
ete
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Early Aegean Civilizations

• Early Aegean civilization arose on the island of
  Crete
• We call these
  people the
  Minoans, after
  their legendary
  king, Minos

CRETE
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Minoan Civilization

• The Minoan Civilization flourished from 2700
  B.C.E. - 1450 B.C.E.

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Minoan Civilization

• Discovered by modern times by Sir Arthur Evans in
  1900
• Excavated Knossos, a large palace on Crete
• We dont know much about the Minoans
• Why?
• Language we dont understand or read
• Relatively new discovery

End here on 9/17
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Minoan Civilization

• Language
• Non Indo-European or Greek
• Society
• Wealthy, but generous to others
• Government built houses for poor
• Wealth seems to be distributed
• Concerned with leisure activities and sports

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Minoan Civilization

• Government
• Bureaucratic monarchy
• Trading peoples
• Government depended on international trade
  throughout the Mediterranean
• Why?
• Unconcerned with invasion from other groups
• Little military structures were discovered

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Minoan Civilization

• Technologies
• Plumbing systems (lost)
• Writing
• Linear A
• Linear B

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End of Minoan Civilization

• Archaeological evidence shows us that the palaces
  of Crete were destroyed by a series of great
  earthquakes and volcanoes

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Mycenaean Civilization

• Group of peoples from central Asia who entered
  the Balkan peninsula around 2000 B.C.E.
• Divided present-day Greece into a number of
  kingdoms, each centered around a capital city

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Mycenaean Civilization

• Cities were built on hilltops
• Royal fortress built on top of hill
• City walls surrounded the hill
• Most people lived outside the walls and entered
  on a daily basis to conduct business
• Served as protection in case of attack

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Mycenaean Civilization

• The Mycenaeans eventually conquered the Minoans
• They adopted much of Minoan culture
• Most famous Mycenaean story/man
• The Illiad
• Agamemnon

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Fall of the Mycenaean Civilization

• The Mycenaeans were eventually defeated by the
  Dorians
• Dorians invaded from the north
• Used iron weapons to defeat the bronze weapons of
  the Mycenaeans

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Dorian Civilization

• The Dorians ruled all of Greece from 1100 to
  around 750 B.C.E.
• The period of Dorian rule has traditionally been
  called Greeces Dark Age
• What is a Dark Age?

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Dorian Dark Age

• Overseas trade stopped
• Poverty increased
• Lost ability to write
• Traditions and stories were maintained by bards
  (traveling storytellers)
• Thousands left mainland Greece and settled in
  Ionia (present day Turkey)

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Ionian Restoration

• The Ionians eventually overcame the Dorians and
  culture returned
• We call this new civilization Hellenic

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What is a Polis?

• Polis
• Ancient Greek city-state

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Origin of the Polis

• By the 8th century B.C., cities began to develop
  into city-states
• How?
• Differs by city
• Theories
• Public Building Theory
• Rural Sanctuary Theory
• Burial Practice Theory
• Geographic Determinism Theory
• Colonization Theory

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Origin of Polis

• Happened to all Greek city-states around the same
  time
• Governments of Greek Poleis were unique to their
  city
• Athens democratic
• Megara despotic
• Boeotia federal
• Corinth oligarchic

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Common Characteristics of Greek Poleis

• Acropolis
• Fortress on top
  of a hill
• Site of temple
• Center of city
• Agora
• Public square
• Sat at foot of acropolis
• Site of business transactions and political
  affairs

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A Representative Greek Polis
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The Two Great Poleis Sparta and
Athens
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Sparta

• Located on the Peloponnesian peninsula

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Sparta

• Government (developed by Lycurgus)
• Two kings (called basileis)
• Did not rule in traditional sense, but were
  basically nobles with special privileges
• Held power to declare war
• Council of Elders (called gerousia)
• 28 men plus 2 kings
• Requirements Spartan men over 60
• Could veto assembly, replace a king, and acted as
  a court

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Sparta

• Government
• Assembly of Citizens (called apella)
• All Spartan men over 30
• Elected members of Council of Elders and five
  Ephors
• Approved or denied decisions by Council of Elders
  and Ephors
• Ephors
• 5 men
• Much power
• (basically governed day to day life in Sparta)

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Sparta

• Society
• 3 Levels
• Top - Spartans (Spartiates)
• Citizens, had to undergo formal military training
• Descended from original inhabitants of Sparta
• Military group did not perform other tasks
• Middle perioeci
• Free, but not citizens
• No political power, but conducted trade for
  Spartans
• Bottom helots
• Slaves
• No rights, worked the land and performed other
  labors

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Sparta

• Education/Military Training
• All Spartan male citizens were required to become
  soldiers
• Birth to age 7 all children raised by mother
• Age 7 male children taken from their homes all
  live in barracks and are organized into groups of
  60 children play games, learn about Spartan
  customs, and learn how to survive
• Age 12 each student received an older Spartan
  soldier as a mentor continue to live in barracks

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Sparta

• Education/Military Training
• Age 20 Allowed to marry, but lived in barracks
• Age 30 Became member of Assembly, allowed to
  live at home
• Age 60 Retired from army, eligible to be elected
  member of Council of Elders

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Sparta

• Status of Women
• More free than in other parts of Greece
• Could own property, move about the city, etc.
• Could not participate in politics
• Married later (19 as opposed to 14)
• Received an education and physical training
• Were expected to manage husbands affairs during
  war

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Athens

• Located on the Attic peninsula

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Athens

• Government
• Development

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Athens

• Reformers
• Draco first written law code
• Solon cancels debts, moves Athens towards
  democracy
• Peisistratus divided land, gave citizenship to
  landless peasants, public works program
• Cleisthenes broke power of aristocracy,
  increased power of the Assembly

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Athens

• Government
• Council of 500
• Chosen by lottery amongst all citizens
• Carried out work of the government
• Other
• Ostracism citizens write names of unwanted
  persons who would be expelled after 6,000 votes
• Jury System 201 to 1,001 members

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Athens

• Education
• Focused on the arts and philosophy
• From age 7 to age 14
• Privatized parents had to pay
• Studied grammar, arithmetic, geometry, music and
  gymnastics, the Iliad and Odyssey
• At later ages, rhetoric was added
• 2 years of military training at age 18

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Sparta v. Athens

• Sparta
• Peloponnesus
• Oligarchic govt
• Warrior state
• Population in 430 B.C.
• 100,000
• Strong Army
• Militaristic Society

• Athens
• Attica
• Democratic govt
• Trading state
• Population in 430 B.C.
• 140,000
• Strong Navy
• Emphasis on Culture

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Persian Wars

• In the 6th century B.C.E., the Greek poleis in
  Ionia were conquered by the Lydians
• Remember the Lydians? Why were they important?
• In 546 B.C.E., the Lydians were conquered by the
  Persians
• This means that the Persians now controlled the
  Ionian Greek city-states

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Persian Wars

• The Greeks in Ionian did not like the way they
  were treated by the Persians
• Heavy Taxes
• Draft
• Interference into local government
• In response, they revolted
• 502 B.C.E. to 498 B.C.E. Ionian Revolt

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Persian Wars

• Revolt led by Aristagoras of Miletus
• Helped by Athens and Eretria
• Captured city of Sardis and burned it

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Persian Wars

• In response, the Persians attacked and defeated
  the rebels
• The Persian Emperor Darius wanted to punish
  Athens and Eretria for helping the rebels
• In response, Persia launched a fleet carrying
  between 25,000 and 100,000 troops (accounts vary)

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Persian Wars

• Battle of Marathon (490 B.C.E.)
• Greeks defeat Persians
• Battle of Thermopylae (480 B.C.E.)
• Persians defeat Greeks
• 300
• Battle of Salamis (479 B.C.E.)
• Greeks defeat Persians
• Battle of Plataea and Mycale (479 B.C.E.)
• Greeks defeat Persians
• Persians leave Greece

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Greek Culture

• Theater
• Two Main Divisions
• Comedy
• Humorous or happy
• Ex. Aristophanes
• Tragedy
• Struggle against fate
• Ex. Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides

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Greek Culture

• Theater
• Aeschylus
• The Oresteia Trilogy
• Sophocles
• Antigone
• Oedipus Rex
• Oedipus at Colonus
• Euripides
• Medea
• The Trojan Women
• Aristophanes
• Father of Comedy
• The Clouds
• The Birds
• Lysistrata
• Menander

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The Stage
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Greek Culture

• Poetry
• Homer
• Iliad
• Odyssey
• Hesiod
• The Theogony
• Works and Days
• Sappho
• Pindar

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Greek Culture

• Sculpture
• Myron
• Ideal form of people
• Discus Thrower
• Phidias
• Athena in the Parthenon
• Praxiteles
• Life-sized statues, showing humanity/grace not
  power

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Greek Culture

• Philosophy
• Pre-Socratic School
• Thales of Miletus Father of Greek Philosophy
• Water is basis of all things
• Heraclitus of Ephesus
• All originates from fire, all is in a perpetual
  flux, the flux is structured by logoV (logos or
  word)
• Pythagoras of Samos
• Founder of Pythagoreans, discovered Pythagorean
  Theorem
• all things are numbers
• Parmenides of Elea
• Perception v. reality
• Zeno
• Paradoxes

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Greek Culture

• Philosophy
• Sophists
• Sophists were traveling teachers
• Concentrated on rhetoric
• Believed in relative truth
• Important Sophists
• Protagoras Man is the measure of all things
• Gorgias
• Nothing exists Even if something exists, nothing
  can be known about it but even if something can
  be known about it, knowledge about it can't be
  communicated to others.
• Prodicus
• Ethics virtue vs. vice

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Greek Culture

• Philosophy
• Socratic School
• Socrates (469 B.C.E. 399 B.C.E.)
• Wrote nothing of his own
• Taught by questioning his followers
• Believed in absolute Truth
• Virtue of the unexamined life questioning of
  everything?
• Is this correct?
• Convicted of corrupting the youth of Athens and
  sentenced to death drank hemlock to commit
  suicide

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Greek Culture

• Philosophy
• Socratic School
• Plato
• Taught at the Academy
• Appearances are deceiving, only through search
  for truth can you find it
• Major Works
• Apology Socrates defense at his trial
• Crito Justice v. Injustice
• Phaedo death of Socrates question of eternal
  life
• Republic philosophical look _at_ government best
  is by the learned

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Greek Culture

• Philosophy
• Socratic School
• Aristotle
• Taught at the Lyceum
• Taught about the importance of logic
• Major Works
• Physics earth as center of solar system
  observed information and classified by
  similiarities/differences
• Politics practical look _at_ politics perfect
  system put power in middle class combined all
  types of govt

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Greek Culture

• Philosophy
• Socrates absolute truth
• Taught
• Plato appearances are deceiving
• Taught
• Aristotle trust logic

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Greek Culture

• Historians
• Herodotus
• Father of History
• Wrote Historia, or Histories
• Not just facts, incorporated legends and stories
• Thucydides
• Peloponnesian War
• Only focuses on facts, rejects influences of gods
  and goddesses
• Some call him the first Scientific Historian

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Greek Culture

• Scientists
• Mathematicians
• Thales of Miletus could predict a solar eclipse
• Pythagoras Pythagorean Theorem
• Medicine
• Hippocrates Father of Medicine
• Disease had natural causes
• Advocate of hygiene
• Hippocratic Oath

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Peloponnesian Wars

• Greek versus Greek
• Development of Empires
• Athens Delian League
• Started as alliance, gradually developed into an
  Athenian Empire
• Sparta Peloponnesian League
• Alliance to oppose Athens

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Delian League

• Athens began a golden age under Pericles
• He consolidated power into the hands of Athens
• Taxed other city-states
• Forced them to use Athenian coins/money
• Deployed troops to stop uprisings

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Delian League

• Athens forcefully allied herself with two
  city-states on the Peloponnesus
• This made Sparta suspicious
• Sparta declared war
• First Peloponnesian War

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First Peloponnesian War

• Athens dominates the beginning, but a Persian
  fleet causes heavy damage during a battle near
  Egypt
• City-states in the Delian League start to rebel
  against Athens
• Athens asks for peace

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Peloponnesian War

• Athens and Sparta start fighting again
• Sparta had a large army
• Outnumbered Athens 2-1
• Athens had a large powerful navy
• Whale v. Elephant

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Peloponnesian War

• Each side tried to wear down each other
• Peace of Nicias
• 50 years
• Maintains statue quo
• Alcibiades
• Athenian politician
• Convinced Athens to invaded Sicily, Syracuse

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Peloponnesian War

• Syracuse destroys Athenian army
• Sparta attacks
• Persia attacks
• Athens holds out, but is eventually defeated
• Sparta tears down Athens walls eliminates the
  navy

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Classical Greece

• Remember

Peloponnesian Wars
Persian Wars
Minoans
End of Classical Greece
Volcano?
Mycenaeans
Athens
Invasion
Dorians
Sparta
Sparta
Ionian Rest.
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Rise of Macedonia

• Macedonia is the region north of Greece
• Monarchy under the control of King Philip II
• Goals
• Create a strong, standing army
• Unify the Greeks under Macedonia
• Destroy the Persians

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Philip II of Macedonia

• Philip conquered the Greek city-states one by one
• City-states did not cooperate with each other
• Athens was the last to fall
• Philip II was assassinated as soon as he
  conquered Athens in 336 B.C.E.

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Alexander the Great

• Crowned king after the death of his father
• 20 years old
• Well-educated, taught by Aristotle
• 334 B.C.E. Alexander the Great led 30,000 Greek
  soldiers and 5,000 cavalry against the Persians
• Alexander began to defeat the Persians

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Alexanders Conquests
1
6
7
4
2
5
3
9
8
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Alexanders Empire

• Alexander wanted to use his empire to combine
  Greek and Persian cultures
• We call this new culture Hellenistic
• Alexander the Great died at age 33 in Babylon

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Alexanders Empire

• After Alexanders death, the empire was divided
  into three parts, each ruled by one of his
  generals
• Ptolemy ruled Egypt, Libya and Syria
• Selecus ruled Mesopotamia, Afghanistan and Iran
• Antigonus ruled Macedonia and Greece

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Hellenistic Culture

• Alexander founded new cities throughout his
  empire
• Most were named Alexandria
• Most famous is in Egypt
• These helped to merged Greek and Persian cultures

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Alexandria

• Large Harbor (up to 1,200 ships)
• Lighthouse
• Great Library
• Zoo Botanical Garden
• Museum (first ever)
• Institute for Scientific
  Research

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Hellenistic Culture

• Philosophy
• Cynicism
• Founded by Diogenes
• People should give up material luxuries
• Epicurianism
• Founded by Epicurius
• Avoid joy pain by accepting the world as it is
• Stoicism
• Founded by Zeno
• Gain happiness by ignoring emotion and following
  reason

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Hellenistic Culture

• Science
• Euclid Elements of Geometry
• Eratosthenes estimated circumference of earth
  to within 1 of correct figure
• Archimedes invented compound pulley and
  cylinder screw, discovered principle of buoyancy
  and of the lever

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Rome
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Origins of Rome

• Many diverse peoples occupied the Italian
  peninsula by the time of Greek colonization
• Umbrians in the north
• Latins in the central plain
• Oscans in the south
• Eventually, most of these peoples came to be
  dominated by the Etruscans

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Rome

• Rome, as a city, was probably settled by 800 or
  700 B.C.E. by the local Latin peoples
• Traditional date 753 B.C.
• Mythical Founding
• Romulus and Remus

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Etruscans

• Lived in fortified city-states
• These city-states formed confederacies
• Agrarian
• Forced conquered peoples to work the farms
• Borrowed adopted Greek religion, Greek alphabet

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Tarquins

• The Tarquins, a rich Etruscan family, were
  installed as kings of Rome by the Etruscans
• Under Tarquin rule, the people of Rome learned
  how to use bricks and tile
• The Tarquins also built many temples

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End of Tarquin Rule

• Rape of Lucretia
• Legend about the end of
  Tarquin rule
• Led to abolishment of
  monarchy by Junius
  Brutus in 509 B.C.E.
• In its place, a republic
  was established

Rape of Lucretia by Titian
89
Roman Republic

• Government Major Positions
• Consuls (2)
• Head of government, act as commanders-in-chief.
  Become senators at the end of term.
• Senate (300)
• Supervise government matters, especially military
  and foreign affairs. Serve for life.
• Tribunes (10)
• Guard rights of plebeians can veto senators and
  other officials. Serve for one year.

See handout for more detailed information
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Roman Republic

• Army
• Origins volunteer-based, used Greek tactics
• Developed into legions
• 6,000 men, subdivided into groups
  of 60-120
• Soldiers were called legionaries
• Military strength was vital
• Physical geography left Rome
  open to invasion

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Punic Wars

• The other major power in the western
  Mediterranean was Carthage
• Remember, Carthage was originally a Phoenician
  colony
• It developed a large trading empire in the
  western half of the Mediterranean

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Carthaginian Empire
94
First Punic War
(264 B.C.E. 241 B.C.E.)

• 264 B.C.E. Carthage threatens to invade Italy

95
First Punic War
(264 B.C.E. 241 B.C.E.)

• In response, Rome invaded Sicily and conquered
  the Carthaginian colonies there
• Carthage had a powerful fleet, and used it to
  stop Roman aggression

96
First Punic War
(264 B.C.E. 241 B.C.E.)

• Rome built a huge fleet to attack the
  Carthaginians
• Used grappling hooks to board ships and fight
  hand to hand
• Rome destroyed the Carthaginian fleet and
  threatened to invade Carthage

97
First Punic War
(264 B.C.E. 241 B.C.E.)

• In response, the Carthaginians asked for peace
• 241 B.C.E.
• They were forced to pay a large indemnity
• Indemnity payment for damages

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Second Punic War (219
B.C.E. 202 B.C.E.)

• 221 B.C.E. Hannibal becomes general of
  Carthaginian army in Spain
• 219 B.C.E. Hannibal conquers Roman city in
  Spain
• Hannibal then invades Italy over the Alps
  Mountains

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Hannibal Crosses the Alps

• About 40,000 soldiers
• About 40 elephants
• Weather killed about ½ of troops and elephants

101
Hannibals Route
102
Second Punic War (219
B.C.E. 202 B.C.E.)

• Hannibal enters Italy and starts to destroy the
  land
• Rome sends its legions they meet at the Battle
  of Cannae

103
Second Punic War (219
B.C.E. 202 B.C.E.)

• Rome is in trouble How can she be saved?
• Rome decides to invade Carthage
• Led by Scipio

104
Second Punic War (219
B.C.E. 202 B.C.E.)

• Scipio defeats the Carthaginians at Zama, in
  Africa near Carthage

105
Second Punic War (219
B.C.E. 202 B.C.E.)

• Carthage asks for peace
• Rome makes them pay another large indemnity
• Rome destroys all of the Carthaginian warships
• Rome gains Carthaginian colonies in Spain

106
Third Punic War (149
B.C.E. - 146 B.C.E.)

• Carthage can no longer have an army or navy
• Carthage has no empire
• This allows Carthage to recover economically

107
Third Punic War (149
B.C.E. - 146 B.C.E.)

• Cato, Roman Senator, encourages war against
  Carthage
• Reason Residual anger, Carthage rearmed
• Rome invades, takes 3 years of heavy fighting to
  win
• Rome destroys Carthage
• Tears down walls
• Burns city to ground
• Sells citizens into slavery

Cathargo delenda est!
108
Punic Wars Review
109
Punic Wars Result

• Rome rules all of the Western
  Mediterranean

110
Rome in the Eastern Mediterranean

• During the Punic Wars, Rome also begins to extend
  her power into the Eastern Med.
• Wars
• First Macedonian War (215 205 B.C.E.)
• Second Macedonian War (199 196 B.C.E.)
• Syrian War (192 189 B.C.E.)
• Third Macedonian War (171 167 B.C.E.)
• Fourth Macedonian War (149 148 B.C.E.)

111
Rome in the Eastern Mediterranean

• Rome embraced Greek culture
• Literature
• Philosophy
• Art
• Architecture

112
Growing Social Problems in Rome

• Roman Social Classes

113
Growing Social Problems in Rome

• Conditions leading to reform
• Latifundia - large estates worked by slaves and
  owned mostly by senatorial families.
• Manufacturing and trade managed by skilled Greeks
  and other non-Romans.
• Understaffed army

114
Growing Social Problems in Rome

• Conditions leading to reform
• Rome's Allies became disgruntled with their poor
  treatment and lack of political and economic
  benefits.
• Slave Rebellions were a constant threat, and in
  Sicily one occurred in 135-131 BCE which
  disrupted Rome's grain supply.
• Spartacus led 70,000 slaves in a revolt from
  73-71 B.C.E.
• Economic crisis in Rome, because less money was
  coming in from foreign conquests fewer public
  projects and fewer jobs.

115
Reform?

• Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
• Both killed for their attempts to divide land
  amongst the people
• Marius
• Consul
• Allows landless men to enter army
• Army is now loyal to commander, not to Rome
• Sulla
• Consul
• Restores power of the aristocracy

116
Reform?

• The Gracchi vs. Marius vs. Sulla
• The Gracchi- had privileged the People's Assembly
  over all else.
• Marius- had privileged the Consul and the army
  over all else.
• Sulla - had privileged the Senate over all else.

117
Reformers

• Pompey the Great takes over as Consul
• Has to deal with Spartacus
• Slave
• Led revolt
• Why?
• Results
• Slavery still exists
• 6,000 crucified on Appian Way

118
Reformers

• Cicero
• Great orator
• His Latin prose style was imitated by all the
  most learned thinkers for centuries to come.
• He gave Romans the vocabulary to express their
  unique views on philosophy, politics, and
  history. 

119
Julius Caesar

• Aristocrat
• Formed First Triumvirate
• Members
• Caesar
• Pompey (political power)
• Crassus (monetary support)
• Group of three rulers with equal power
• Consul in 59 B.C.E.
• Leads legions into Gaul to attack the Celts

120
Caesar in Gaul

• Won many victories
• Viewed as a military hero by the lower classes of
  Roman society
• Wrote Gallic War about his experiences

121
End of the First Triumvirate

• Crassus is killed fighting in Asia
• Pompey becomes rival of Caesar
• Orders Caesar to return to Rome without his army
• Crossing the Rubicon viewed as act of war
  against Pompey

122
Julius Caesars Reform

• Reduced the dominance of Rome
• Integrated Rome with Italy Italy with provinces
• Julian Calendar
• Enlarged Senate from
  600 to 900
• Included Romanized
  provincials
• Gives more unity to
  Roman rule

123
Julius Caesars Reform

• Socio-economic reforms
• Public works projects temples, libraries,
  theaters, roads, and harbors
• Colonies of Roman citizens in provinces
• Roman citizenship for intellectuals - teachers,
  scholars, doctors, and librarians
• Founding of schools and public libraries in the
  Western provinces