Geography 352

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• Geography 352
• Urbanization in the Global South
• Jim Glassman
• Lecture 20, March 19

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The Vietnam War and urban growth in Southeast Asia

• The war and urbanization
• Saigon, 1970 1.75 million 1975 4.5 million
• Phnom Penh, 1970 700,000 1975 3 million
• The war and de-urbanization
• Hanoi, 1960 1 million end of 1960s 400,000
• Phnom Penh, 1975 3 million late 1970s 50,000

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The immediate post-war period and limited urban
growth

• Controlled growth of Hanoi?
• Attempted de-urbanization of South reduces
  population of Ho Chi Minh City from 4.5 million
  in 1975 to 3.5 million in 1981

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Doi Moi and changing patterns of urbanization

• Urban growth rate changes from 1.9 per year
  during 1979-84 to 2.8 per year during 1984-89
• Total percent of population counted as urban
• 1976 20.6
• 1979 19.2
• 1985 19.0
• 1990 19.8

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Vietnam in the 1990s

• More rapid urban growth
• Increasing convergence between Vietnams
  urbanization pattern (e.g., growth of cash
  economy and informal sector) and that of other SE
  Asian countries

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A history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict

• Ancient history both Jews and Arabs claim
  historical ancestry in region
• 19th century Ottoman Empire controls Palestine
  small Jewish community Theodor Herzl develops
  plans for Zionist homeland
• 1897 Zionist movement founded (in Europe)
• 1910s Chaim Weizmann lobbies British to support
  Zionist plans
• 1914 British census places population of
  Palestine at 689,272 persons, of whom no more
  (and perhaps less) than 60,000 were Jews

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Israeli-Palestinian conflict (cont.)

• 1916 Sykes-Picot (British-French) agreement
  divides Arabian peninsula between British and
  French Palestine left an international zone
• 1917 Balfour Declaration announces support of
  British government for the establishment in
  Palestine of a national home for the Jewish
  people, while insisting also upon the rights of
  non-Jewish peoples

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Israeli-Palestinian conflict (cont.)

• 1921 First Palestinian uprisings against Zionist
  settlement (Jaffa)
• 1920s Some migration of European Jews to
  Palestine Jewish population rises from 83,790 in
  1922 census (out of 752,048 total) to 174,606 by
  1931 (out of 1,033,314 total) more violence in
  1929

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Israeli-Palestinian conflict (cont.)

• 1930s Zionist revisionists (Vladimir Jabotinsky
  and Stern Gang) begin negotiations with Nazis
  over support for Zionist settlement in Palestine
  Jewish population increases more rapidly,
  reaching 528,702 by 1944 (out of 1,739,624 total)
• 1935-39 Major Palestinian uprising against
  Zionist settlements British use aerial
  bombardment, disarm Palestinian groups in
  aftermath
• 1940s Armed Zionist groups pressure British to
  allow Israeli statehood (1944 Stern Gang
  assassination of British Secretary of State Lord
  Moyne 1946 bombing of King David Hotel, with at
  least 88 killed)

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Israeli-Palestinian conflict (cont.)

• 1945-50 US and Britain refuse to open doors to
  Jewish holocaust refugees, directing flow of
  migrants to Israel
• 1948 Deir Yassin massacre, 250 killed by
  Menachim Begins troops flight of more than
  700,000 unarmed Palestinians to surrounding Arab
  states Israeli statehood proclaimed, recognized
  by US and 32 other states at UN (13 against, 10
  abstentions) Palestinians and surrounding Arab
  states reject Israeli statehood, war ensues
  Yitzhak Shamirs unit assassinates UN mediator,
  Count Folke Bernadotte

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Israeli-Palestinian conflict (cont.)

• 1950s Israel wins series of military conflicts
  with Arab states, solidifying position and laying
  permanent claim to former Palestinian lands
• 1950s-60s Beginnings of officially-recognized
  Middle East terrorism problems, including
  airplane hijackings and bombings Ariel Sharons
  unit commits massacre at Qibya in 1953

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Israeli-Palestinian conflict (cont.)

• 1964 Founding of Palestine Liberation
  Organization (PLO)
• 1967 Israel defeats Egypt in 6-day war, claiming
  former Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, and
  consolidating further US military and economic
  support West Bank and Gaza Strip occupied,
  leading to more Palestinian support for PLO

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Israeli-Palestinian conflict (cont.)

• 1971 Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat offers
  full peace treaty but is rejected by Israel, US
• 1972 Islamic terrorist group kills Israeli
  athletes at Munich Olympics
• 1973 Egypt wages temporarily successful battle
  against Israel, leading US to reverse position on
  negotiations
• 1974 Oil shocks focus global attention on Middle
  East PLO implies willingness to recognize Israel
  in exchange for end of occupation
• 1978 US, Israel, and Egypt sign Camp David Peace
  Accords, returning land to Egypt and buying Egypt
  out of pro-Palestinian camp

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Israeli-Palestinian conflict (cont.)

• 1981 Sadat assassinated by fundamentalist group
  in Egypt
• 1982 Operation Peace for Galilee launched, with
  Israeli forces invading southern Lebanon
  operation leads to more than 17,000 Arab deaths
  and culminates in massacres of thousands of
  civilians at Sabra and Shatila refugee camps

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Israeli-Palestinian conflict (cont.)

• 1987 Beginning of intifada, Palestinian
  uprising in occupied territories
• 1988 PLO declares independent Palestinian state,
  recognized by over 100 nations at UN, but not by
  US PLO reaffirms recognition of Israels
  existence as part of two-state settlement
  proposal
• 1988-89 US-led negotiations and Israeli military
  response defuse intifada
• 1990 Massacre of Palestinians at Al-Aqsa mosque
  in Jerusalem

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Israeli-Palestinian conflict (cont.)

• 1990-91 Elements of Palestinian leadership side
  with Iraq in Persian Gulf War, thus losing
  international leverage in aftermath of war
  Palestinian refugees from Kuwait return to Jordan
  and West Bank
• 1993 Yassir Arafat and Itzaak Rabin sign Oslo
  Peace Accords, leading to formation of
  Palestinian Authority (PA) in Gaza and parts of
  West Bank many Palestinians reject the
  legitimacy of PA, support Hamas
• 1995 Itzaak Rabin assassinated by Zionist
  extremists

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Israeli-Palestinian conflict (cont.)

• 2000 Baraks generous offer breakdown of
  negotiations
• 2000-01 Ariel Sharon visit to al-Aqsa mosque,
  with implicit backing of Ehud Barak government,
  triggers Palestinian uprising both in occupied
  territories and within Israel Israeli military
  responds with massive repression (tanks,
  helicopter gunships, missiles)
• 2001 Sharon defeats Barak in election, becomes
  Prime Minister in wake of 9/11 disaster, Israeli
  repression in the occupied territories
  intensifies, Hamas terrorist attacks increase

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Jewish Settlements in the West Bank (outside
Jerusalem)

• 1984 102 settlements, 35,000 people
• 1992 123 settlements, 100,000 people
• 2002 30 new settlements, 200,000 people
• 2006 268,000 people

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Jewish Settler Population in East Jerusalem/West
Bank ( of total)

• 1976 23,000/3,000 (3.7)
• 1980 39,000/11,000 (6.0)
• 1984 81,000/48,000 (12.4)
• 1988 117,000/71,000 (15.8)
• 1992 146,000/108,000 (18.1)
• 1996 173,000/148,000 (21.9)
• 2002 176,000/218,000 (23.3)

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Israeli-Palestinian conflict (cont.)

• 2002 Increased Israeli repression (2,764
  Palestinian deaths by July 2004), attacks on
  Palestinian Authority, curfews ongoing terrorist
  attacks in Israel (902 Israeli deaths by July
  2004)
• 2003-06 Israel builds security walls,
  effectively annexing 8.6 percent of West Bank
  (and trapping 220,000 Palestinians), not counting
  Jordan Valley (counting the Jordan Valley, Israel
  controls more than 50 percent of the West Bank)

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• Eyal Weizman, Hollow Land (London and New York
  Verso, 2007)

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Forms of Israeli Control

• Road blocks, checkpoints
• Rolling curfews
• Control of airspace
• Control of aquifers
• House demolitions
• Attacks on cities and refugee camps (e.g., Nablus
  and Jenin in 2002 Gaza in 2005)
• Assassinations of political leaders (210 during
  2000-06, with more than 100 civilians killed)

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Politics of verticality

• Jewish settlements on hilltops, Palestinian
  villages and cities in valleys
• Overpass roads built for settlers, Palestinians
  travel on underpasses
• Israel controls airspace, Palestinians build
  network of tunnels

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Weizman on spaces of occupation

• A new way of imagining space has emerged. After
  fragmenting the surface of the West Bank by walls
  and other barriers, Israeli planners started
  attempting to weave it together as two separate
  but overlapping national geographiestwo
  territorial networks overlapping across the same
  area in three dimensions, without having to cross
  or come together

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Weizman (cont.)

• One is an upper landthe land of the
  settlementsa scattering of well-tended hilltop
  neighbourhoods woven together by modern highways
  for the exclusive use of its inhabitants the
  other, Palestinecrowded cities, towns, and
  villages that inhabit the valleys between and
  underneath the hills, maintaining fragile
  connections on improvised underpasses

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Weizman (cont.)

• Within this new political space, separate
  security corridors, infrastructure, bridges, and
  underground tunnels have been woven into a
  bewildering and impossible Escher-like
  territorial arrangement that struggles to
  multiply a single territorial reality. However,
  in the over-complexity it requires, the system of
  tunnels and bridges clearly demonstrates the
  limits of the politics of separation

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Weizman (cont.)

• Out of the endless search for the forms and
  mechanisms of perfect separation emerges the
  realization that a viable solution may not
  necessarily lie within the realm of territorial
  design. (p. 182)

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Effects on Palestinian cities

• Destruction of Palestinian businesses, homes
  (more than 3,500 by July 2004)
• High unemployment and poverty rates (Palestinian
  economy shrunk by more than 67 percent by July
  2004)
• Difficulty in accessing social services because
  of curfews
• Closure of schools, universities

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The case of Hebron, 1994

• Baruch Goldsteins shooting spree
• Division of the city

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The Case of East Jerusalem

• Israeli occupation in 1967
• Since 1967
• Jewish Israelis 1,500 building permits per year
  90,000 housing units constructed
• Palestinians 100 building permits per year
  housing shortfall of more than 25,000 units
• Jerusalem stone

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What is to be done?

• Two-state solutions
• The 1967 borders (the Saudi proposal)
• Baraks proposal
• Sharons proposal
• A one-state solution?
• Transfer?