Geography 352

1

• Geography 352
• Urbanization in the Global South
• Jim Glassman
• Lecture 21, March 31

2
Before and after the revolution

• Mexico under Porfirio Diaz
• Economic liberalism
• Internationalism
• The Mexican revolution (1911-)
• Regional tensions (Villa, Zapata, Mexico City
  elites)
• Class tensions (peasants, workers, urban middle
  classes)

3
Lazaro Cardenas and Mexican reformism/Fordism
(1934-40)

• Land reform, ejidos
• Support for urban workers
• Formation of Confederation of National Popular
  Organizations (CNOP) in 1942

4
Avila Camacho and the normalization of relations
with capital (1940-1946)

• Pacto Obrero (1942) labor, capital, and the
  state
• The development of the Partido Revolucianorio
  Institucional (PRI)

5
PRI as a corporatist party

• 1940s-1950s normalization rapid industrial
  growth
• 1960s beginning of political crisis
• changes in the global economy
• end of bracero program in 1966
• beginnings of maquiladora program
• Massacre of students in 1968

6
Mexico City and the struggle for infrastructure
development

• National PRI, the subway proposal (METRO, 1960),
  and backing by international capital and labor
• Ernesto Uruchurtu (mayor, 1952-1966), opposition
  to subway (budget considerations), and backing
  from middle classes
• Uruchurtus downfall and the development of the
  subway system

7
Luis Echeverria and the last gasp of Mexican
populism (1970-1976)

• Appeal to farmers, urban workers, and middle
  classes
• Spending as glue holding coalition together
• Public transportation as populist policy

8
The beginnings of the fiscal crisis under Lopez
Portillo (1976-1982)

• International debt in general
• The role of Mexico Citys mass transit system in
  the debt crisis

9
Mexico City public transit system

• Expensive public transport
• 1966 9.45 of total family income spent on
  public transport
• 1976 13.48 of total family income spent on
  public transport
• Inadequate public transport
• 1970 9.7 residents per vehicle
• 1980 4.7 residents per vehicle
• Number of cars in the DF triples in this period
• Underused only 13.4 of population used METRO by
  late 1970s

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Money-losing public transport

• Net losses of system in 1973 61 million pesos
• Net losses of system in 1980 2 billion pesos
• 1982 net revenues account for 1/10 of per person
  costs
• By the 1980s the subway was the largest
  debt-producing item in the Mexico City budget
• Mexico Citys contribution to the national debt
  increased from 15 of the total budget in 1970 to
  28.3 in 1979 and 44 in 1981
• Part of the reason for this was that fares were
  kept artificially low

11
Declining support for PRI under structural
adjustment

• Miguel de la Madrid (1982-1988), neoliberalism,
  and the SAP
• Salinas de Gortari (1988-1994) and the further
  neo-liberalization of PRI
• Declining support in Mexico City

12
The fall of PRI

• The Ernesto Zedillo regime (1994-2000)
• The rise of Vincente Fox and PAN (2000-06)
• The contested election of Felipe Calderon (2006)

13
Mexico Citys elected mayors

• PRIs 1980s proposal and retraction
• First elections in 1997
• The mayorship of Cuauhtemoc Cardenas
• 1997 crime wave and response
• Environment and transportation initiatives
• The mayorship of Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador
  (AMLO)
• Popularity desafuero presidential bid
• Continuation of PRD transport projects

14
Mexico City as a Global City

• Mexico City and the internationalization of the
  Mexican economy
• Mexico City and the articulation of Mexico Citys
  new factory regime with the global economy

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The Cuban Revolution

• From the mountains to the city
• Socialist internationalism
• Ches failed mission to Bolivia

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Cubas urban development

• Urbanization of the countryside
• 1959-1962 83 new towns of 300-500 people
• Mobility restricted by controlled access to jobs
  and housing
• Technological transformation of agriculture
• Re-emphasis on Havana after 1969
• Development of Havanas housing stock

21
Cubas development since the revolution

• Social transformation
• Improvement in human development
• Modest economic growth

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The collapse of the USSR and the crisis in Cuba

• Freefall of the Cuban economy in the early 1990s
• Economic re-orientation and stabilization
• Political transformations in the 1990s

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Cubas turn towards greater self-sufficiency

• Bicycles replacing cars
• Sustainable agriculture
• Development of more housing outside of Havana

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Crumbling Havana?

• Lack of concern about colonial architectural
  relics?
• Emphasis on social needs rather than tourist
  dollars?
• Oil from Venezuela

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The Rise of Chavez

• Carlos Andres Perez and neo-liberalism
• Rising transport costs, caracazo
• 1989 repression 500-3,000 killed
• 1992 Chavez-led coup attempt
• 1998 Chavez elected President (takes office
  February 1999)
• Coup attempts against Chavez (2002) and US
  destabilization campaign

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Communal Councils

• Workers Councils/Bolivarian Circles
• Participatory governance structures
• Political mobilization of poor, youth
• Urban Improvement projects
• Health
• Public transportation
• Urban clean-up

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Argentinas crisis and reform

• Neo-liberal reform and 2001 melt-down
• Collapse of the De la Rua government
• Protests and riots in Buenos Aires
• Worker take-over of factories
• Kirchners Presidency (2003-2007)