Geography 352

1

• Geography 352
• Urbanization in the Global South
• Jim Glassman
• Lecture 18, March 12

2
(No Transcript)
3
(No Transcript)
4
History of Maoist urban planning

• 1953-57 (first 5-year plan)
• Promotion of heavy industry
• Land reform and collectivization of agriculture,
  promotion of small-scale rural industry
• Disproportionate investment in Northeast
• Promotion of industrial decentralization
• Limited population planning until 1956, after
  that both population planning and promotion of
  inland migration
• Number of cities in 1956 157

5
Maoist planning(cont.)

• 1958-62 (second 5-year plan)
• Great Leap Forward (1958-60)
• Emphasis on heavy industry declining
  agricultural productivity
• Educated youth from coast sent inland for
  development programs (53,000 to Qinghai for land
  reclamation, etc.)
• Famine drives many peasants to cities
• State imposes migration controls, encourages or
  forces many peasants to return to countryside
• Population planning strengthened in 1962

6
Maoist planning(cont.)

• 1963-67 (third 5-year plan)
• Emphasis on more balanced investment between
  sectors
• State continues to send peasants back to
  countryside
• State continues sending youth to inland regions
  for development programs (10,000 to Qinghai)
• Population planning deemphasized
• Number of cities in 1964 169

7
Maoist planning(cont.)

• 1968-72 (fourth 5-year plan)
• Period of Cultural Revolution
• Reemphasis on development of heavy industry
• Agricultural policy changes emphasize greater
  regional self-sufficiency, but with tighter
  administrative control
• Promotion of local small-scale industries to
  support local agricultural self-sufficiency
• One child policy introduced in 1971
• Movement of educated youth from coastal areas to
  countryside as part of development campaigns (30
  million to all areas over period)

8
Maoist planning(cont.)

• 1973-75 No plans because of internal power
  struggle among elites

9
(No Transcript)
10
Urban planning under Deng

• 1976-80 (fifth 5-year plan)
• Deng and reformers begin to transform China
• Initial emphasis on industrial development,
  scaled back
• Beginnings of liberalization of agriculture
• Declining percentage of total population in
  coastal areas by mid-1970s
• Number of cities in 1976 186
• Spatial location of poor counties in 1980 50
  in coastal region, 76 in intermediate region, 152
  in inland region
• Coastal region output in 1979 2.62 times more
  than intermediate region, 5.15 times more than
  inland region

11
Planning under Deng (cont.)

• 1981-85 (sixth 5-year plan)
• Sectoral investment priorities (1) agriculture,
  (2) light industry, (3) heavy industry
• Emphasis on cooperative ventures between coastal
  and inland regions
• Key cooperation regions Shanxi and
  Shanghai/Yangtze delta
• Agricultural responsibility system introduced
• Encouragement of rural diversification
• Population planning extended to minorities in
  1985
• Coastal region output in 1984 3.16 times more
  than intermediate region, 6.71 times more than
  inland region

12
Planning under Deng (cont.)

• 1986-90 (seventh 5-year plan)
• Emphasis on sectoral balance, building on
  comparative advantage
• Decentralization of control over planning to
  regions
• New cooperation regions added to existing two
  Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan, Zhujiang Delta
  (Guangzhou), Minnan Delta (Xiamen), Liaodong
  Peninsular region (Dalien), and Jiaodong
  Peninsular region (Qingdao and Yantai)
• Core cities given responsibility to administer
  regions and smaller towns
• Dalien, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Guangzhou allowed
  to designate areas within city as economic and
  technical development zones

13
Urban development under Jiang in the 1990s

• Rapid growth with increasing socio-economic
  polarization
• Increasing concentration of growth in coastal
  areas
• Increasing employment of women in coastal Export
  Processing Zones
• Large floating population
• Breakdown of population planning?

14
(No Transcript)
15
(No Transcript)
16
(No Transcript)
17
(No Transcript)
18
(No Transcript)
19
(No Transcript)
20
(No Transcript)
21
(No Transcript)
22
Challenges of Chinas uneven development

• New popular uprisings?
• Hu Jintao and the new emphasis on development of
  the West
• Problems of managing large coastal cities
• The floating population
• Pollution problems
• Guangdong/Hong Kong and SARS
• Guangdong/Hong Kong and avian flu

23

• Hu Jintao and the Go West Policy