Seeking Health Care

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Seeking Health Care

• Chapter three

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lifestyle

• 50 of the deaths of the ten leading causes of
  death in this country are due to modifiable
  lifestyle factors

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Health habit

• Health related behavior that is firmly
  established and often performed automatically
  without awareness
• Can be highly resistant to change as they can
  become independent of reinforcement

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Who seeks out health care?

• Demographics
• Age
• Values
• Personal control (locus of control)
• Social influence
• Personal goals
• Perceived symptoms
• Access to health care
• Cognitive factors

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FEAR

• If people are fearful they will change behavior
  to reduce fear
• Not always true
• Too much may undermine behavior

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Self Efficacy and Health Behaviors

• The ability to initiate and follow through with
  change
• Not only , can my actions help, but will I do it
• Locus of control not the same thing

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Self efficacy

• Locus of control if I changed would my health
  improve?
• Self efficacy am I likely to change my behavior
  and attain my goal?
• Not only do I have the skills but can I
  coordinate the skills in the proper sequence to
  meet the goal?

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Self efficacy and skills

• Higher SE and fewer skills may be more likely to
  persist and learn new skills

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Self Efficacy involves

• Execution of behaviors and behavioral attainment
• Perceived strength of ability to regulate
• Thought processes
• Affective states
• Social and physical environment

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Powerful predictor

• Kinds of activities people do
• How long and intensively they persist
• The amount of distress and satisfaction in face
  of opportunities, challenges and hardships
• Exercise a challenge to be mastered or something
  to fail at?
• avoidance

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Self Efficacy and Goals

• What goals we set ( how high, how low)
• Persistence when discrepancy between behavior and
  goals
• Problem solving choices
• Decision to enter or avoid goal relevant
  situations

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Health Belief model

• Is there a personal threat?
• The perception that a particular behavior will
  reduce this threat
• Behavior as a result of intention

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Health Belief model predicting behavior

• Perceived susceptibility to disease or disability
• Severity
• Perceived benefits of behavior
• Barriers to health-enhancing behavior

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Irrational Health Belief Scale

• Unrealistic optimism
• Irrational beliefs

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Theory of Reasoned Action

• Assumes human are quite rational
• Intention to act shaped by ones attitude about
  behavior and
• Perceived social norms and motivation to comply

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Theory of Planned Behavior

• Adds perception of control over ones actions

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Theory of Planned Behavior
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Precaution Adoption Model

• Optimistic bias others are susceptible but Im
  not

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Models dont explain it all

• Poverty
• Racism
• Ethnic background
• Public policy
• Legislation
• Lack of medical and health information

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How we determine our health status

• Social and cultural background
• Interpretation of symptoms
• Conception of what determines illness
• Illness behavior feel sick but not yet diagnosed

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Illness behavior

• Personal factors
• How you view your body
• Level of stress
• Personality traits
• Gender
• Women more sensitive to their bodies more
  likely to report non life threatening conditions

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Illness behavior

• Gender
• Men more likely to attribute minor symptoms to
  major problems
• Men tend to report only life threatening
  situations
• Age
• Young, middle-aged less likely to check out
  symptoms elderly disease or aging?

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Illness behavior

• Socioeconomic and cultural factor
• Access to care
• Symptom characteristics
• Most likely to seek care
• Symptoms are visible
• View symptoms as severe
• Interfere with lifestyle
• Recur or persist

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Illness behavior how disease is conceptualized

• Need to label symptoms
• With label (diagnosis) comes timeline
• Attribution lowers anxiety
• Think about consequences
• When we feel sense of control of disease process
  more likely to seek health care