VERBS

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VERBS

• If you can do it, it is a VERB!

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Kinds of Verbs

• Action
• Linking
• Helping

• Physical or mental action
• Describes a state of being. It connects the
  subject with a word in the predicate that
  explains or describes the subject (PN or PA).
• Helping verbs attach to the main verb. It helps
  the main verb express an action (Helping verb
  action verb verb phrase)

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Example Action Verbs

• Go
• Swim
• Eat
• Follow
• Drink
• Listen
• Fly
• Believe

• Compare
• Analyze
• Interpret
• Develop
• Clean
• Sit
• Stand
• Drive

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Linking Verbs

• Be
• Am
• Is
• Are
• Was
• Were
• Being
• Been

• Appear
• Become
• Feel
• Grow
• Look
• Remain
• Seem
• Smell
• Sound
• Stay
• Taste
• Turn

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Helping Verbs

• Be
• Am
• Is
• Are
• Was
• Were
• Have
• Has
• Had
• Do
• Does
• Did

• May
• Might
• Must
• Can
• Could
• Shall
• Should
• Will
• Would
• Being
• Been

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Objects of Verbs

• Direct Object
• Indirect Object

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Direct Object

• Direct Object receives the action of the verb
• Noun or pronoun
• Follows an action verb
• Answers the questions What? or Whom?
• If the action verb has a D.O., it is called a
  transitive verb. If there is no D.O., it is
  called an intransitive verb.

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Example Direct Object

• She studied math for homework.
• Subject she
• Action verb studied
• Direct object math (It answers What she
  studied.)

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Indirect Object

• Indirect object indirectly receives the action
  of the verb
• Noun or pronoun
• Follows an action verb
• Comes before a direct object
• Answers the questions To What? For What? To Whom?
  Or For Whom?

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Example Indirect Object

• He bought Mandy a bouquet of flowers.
• Subject he
• Action verb bought
• Direct object bouquet (it answers the question
  What he bought)
• Indirect object Mandy (It answers the question
  For Whom he bought the flowers.)

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Linking Verb and Predicate Words

• Predicate Noun
• Predicate Adjective

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Predicate Noun

• Noun or pronoun
• Follows a linking verb
• Renames or defines the subject (The subject and
  PN can switch places and the sentence will make
  sense.)

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Example PN

• He is a teacher.
• Subject he
• Linking verb is
• PN teacher (Teacher and he can switch places
  and the sentence is still correct.)

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Predicate Adjective

• Adjective
• Follows a linking verb
• Describes the subject

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Example PA

• She is beautiful.
• Subject she
• Linking verb is
• PA beautiful

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Principal Parts of Verbs

• The principal parts of verbs are used to create
  all tenses of verbs.
• Present
• Past
• Present Participle
• Past Participle

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Present

• Indicates time in the present
• Base form of a verb
• For example start or wear

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Past

• Verbs used to indicate something happened at a
  previous point in time.
• Most verbs in the past tense add ed to the end.
  
• For example start becomes started
• Some verbs in the past tense are irregular. They
  totally change spelling.
• For example wear becomes wore

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Present Participle

• The present participle is used to indicate that
  something is currently happening.
• Form the present participle by adding ing to
  the base form of the word and be, am, or is
  in front of this new word.
• For example start becomes is starting
• wear becomes is wearing

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Past Participle

• The past participle is used to indicate something
  happened at an undefined period of time.
• To form the past participle 1. Add ed to the
  end of a regular verb or correctly create the
  past participle tense of an irregular verb 2. Add
  has, have, or had in front of the verb
• For example 1. start becomes has started
• 2. wear becomes has worn

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Irregular Verbs

• Irregular verbs do not follow the normal pattern
  of conjugation into each of the principal parts
  of verbs
• These verbs often change spelling to form the
  past, present participle, and past participle
  tenses. There are a few verbs that keep the same
  spelling for all four principal parts.
• The only way to know these verbs is to memorize
  them.

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Sample Common Irregular Verbs(not a complete
list of irregular verbs)
Present Past Present Participle Past Participle
Begin Began Is beginning Has begun
Blow Blew Is blowing Has blown
Do Did Is doing Has done
Drink Drank Is drinking Has drunk
Go Went Is going Has gone
Write Wrote Is writing Has written
Break Broke Is breaking Has broken
Become Became Is becoming Has become
Bring Brought Is bringing Has brought
Burst Burst Is bursting Has burst
Swim Swam Is swimming Has swum
Know Knew Is knowing Has known
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Simple Tenses

• We use clocks and watches to tell time. We use
  verbs the same way. The tense of the verb tells
  time in the sentence.
• Present action that happens now
• Past action that already happened
• Future action that will happen
• Present Progressive be, am, is or are
  plus a verb ending with ing means something
  is in progress
• Past Progressive was or were plus a verb
  ending with ing means something was in
  progress
• Future Progressive will be plus a verb ending
  with ing means something will be in progress

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Present Tense

• Base form of the verb modified to agree with the
  subject in number.
• For example We run to the store.
• She runs to the store.

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Past Tense

• Create the past tense by adding an ed to the
  base verb, if it is a regular verb. If it is an
  irregular verb, change the verb accordingly.
• For example We create things. (present)
• We created things. (past regular)
• We drink water. (present)
• We drank water. (past irregular)

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Future Tense

• Form the future tense by adding will or shall
  to the base form of the verb.
• For example They swim in the pool. (present)
• They will swim in the pool. (future)

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Present Progressive

• Shows that the action(s) is (are) in progress
• You are learning English.

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Past Progressive

• Shows the action(s) was (were) in progress
• You were learning English.

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Future Progressive

• Shows the actions(s) will be in progress
• You will be learning English.

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Perfect Tenses

• Present Perfect
• Past Perfect
• Future Perfect

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Present Perfect

• The present perfect tense is used to show
  something that is existing or happening sometime
  before now. Key word during
• Form the present perfect tense by 1. creating the
  correct past participle of the verb and 2. add
  have or has in front of it.
• For example I wear jeans. (present) irregular
  verb
• I have worn jeans. (present perfect)
• He looks nice. (present) regular verb
• He has looked nice. (present perfect)

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Past Perfect

• The past perfect tense is used to show something
  existing or happening before a specific time in
  the past. (It is a double past something happened
  before something else happened) Key word - after
• Form the past perfect by 1. creating the correct
  past participle of the verb and 2. add had in
  front of the main verb
• For example She walked the trail. (past )
  regular verb
• She had walked the trail.
  (past perfect)
• The compost became soil. (past) irregular
  verb
• The compost had become soil. (past perfect)

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Future Perfect

• The future perfect tense is used to represent
  something existing or happening before a specific
  time in the future. (It is a double future.
  Something happens before something else happens.)
  Key word - before
• To form the future perfect 1. form the past
  participle of the verb 2. add will have or
  shall have in front of the past participle.
• For example She has smiled today. (past
  participle) regular verb
• She will have smiled today.
  (future perfect)
• They have worn boots. (past participle)
  irregular verb
• They will have worn boots. (future perfect)

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Troublesome Verb Pairs

• Sit and set
• Rise and raise
• Lie and lay
• Let and Leave
• Know the proper definition of each word to be
  able to spell and use it correctly.

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Sit and Set

• Sit means to be seated or to rest
• (no object)

• Set means to place or put something (usually
  takes a direct object)

Present Past Present participle Past participle
sit sat is sitting have sat
Present Past Present participle Past participle
set set is setting have set
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Example Sit and Set

• Please, sit in your chair. (present)
• He sat in his seat, yesterday. (past)
• He is sitting in his seat. (present participle)
• He has sat there for an hour. (past participle)
• Set your books on the desk. (present)
• She set her book on the desk. (past)
• She is setting her book on the desk. (present
  participle)
• She has set her book on the desk. (past
  participle)

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Rise and Raise

• Rise means to go upward or to get up. (no
  object)

• Raise means to lift something up (usually
  takes a direct object)

Present Past Present participle Past participle
rise rose is rising have risen
Present Past Present participle Past participle
raise raised is raising have raised
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Example Rise and Raise

• They always rise early on Sunday. (present)
• They rose early on Sunday. (past)
• They are rising early on Sunday. (present
  participle)
• They have risen early on Sunday. (past
  participle)
• They raise geese. (present)
• They raised geese. (past)
• They are raising geese. (present participle)
• They have raised geese. (past participle)

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Lie and Lay

• Lie means to recline or to be in place (no
  object)

• Lay means to put down or to place (usually
  takes a direct object)

Present Past Present participle Past participle
lie lay is lying have lain
Present Past Present participle Past participle
lay laid is laying have laid
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Example Lie and Lay

• Lie down and take a nap. (present)
• He lay down and took a nap. (past)
• He is lying down for a nap. (present participle)
• He has lain down for a nap. (past participle)
• Lay your clothes on the bed. (present)
• She laid her clothes on the bed. (past)
• She is laying her clothes on the bed. (present
  participle)
• She has laid her clothes on the bed. (past
  participle)

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Let and Leave

• Let means to allow or to permit (it can
  have an object)

• Leave means to depart or to allow something
  to remain where it is. (it can have an object)

Present Past Present participle Past participle
let let is letting has let
Present Past Present participle Past participle
leave left is leaving has left
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Example Let and Leave

• Mom let me do the dishes. (present)
• Yesterday, Mom let me do the dishes. (past)
• Mom is letting me do the dishes tonight. (present
  participle)
• Mom has let me do the dishes all week. (past
  participle)
• I leave for work at 530 A.M. (present)
• I left for work at 530 A.M. (past)
• I am leaving for work at 530 A.M. (present
  participle)
• I have left for work at 530 A.M. (past
  participle)